• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.25-30
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• 2010

For centuries, probiotics have been known to promote health and prevent diseases. In recent times, modulation of diseases related to the immune function by probiotics has been recognized as very important to the health of the host's gut. Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are the most frequently studied diseases in which probiotic administration has been tested as a potential therapy. Various in vitro and in vivo studies have been performed. The studies discussed in this review suggest several mechanisms: probiotics could modulate the gut microflora by competing with disease-causing pathogenic bacteria and could directly regulate the mucosal immune system, which activates the innate and adaptive immune systems. In addition, human clinical trials have shown alleviation of disease symptoms of ulcerative colitis (UC), Crohn's disease, etc. This study aimed to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying immune modulation by probiotics and review studies on the functional aspect of IBD alleviation by probiotics. With more scientific studies confirming the effect of probiotics, this therapy holds promise for use in alternative medicine and/or pharmaceutical preparations, given the long history of safe consumption of probiotics.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.60 no.3
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• pp.227-234
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• 2017

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Sulfasalazine commonly used in IBD, possibly has various side effects after high dosage and long term intake. The present study aimed to investigate the sulfasalazine and combination with herbal medicine on 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced in mice model. TNBS-induced mice were injected through a flexible catheter 4 cm in length 1.6 mg TNBS. Animals were divided into five groups (n=12): Normal group, TNBS control group, Sulfasalazine (30 mg/kg) group, Sulfasalazine (60 mg/kg) group, Sulfasalazine (30 mg/kg)+Cinnamomi cortex and Bupleuri radix mixture (30 mg/kg) (SCB) group. Administration groups were fed extract during 7 days. The inflammatory, and apoptotic protein levels were determined using western blotting. SCB treatment showed an outstanding effectiveness in counteracting the IBD, as assessed by reduction of body weight loss, down-regulation of pro-inflammatory proteins and cytokines, and by inhibition of proteins related to apoptosis. This is the first report that sulfasalazine and Cinnamomi cortex plus Bupleuri radix mixture improve the severity of experimental IBD through the inhibition of both inflammation and apoptosis. We confirm that the SCB treatment instead of sulfasalazine alone may be promising as an alternative therapeutic plan against IBD, without any evidence of adverse effects.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.163-169
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• 2018

Purpose: The aim of this study is to determine the involvement of the upper gastrointestinal system (GIS) in patients diagnosed with Crohn's disease (CD), ulcerative colitis (UC), and non-inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and to compare their differences. Methods: This study included patients aged between 2 and 18 years who underwent colonoscopy and esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) for the first time due to the prediagnosis of IBD. In EGD, samples were taken from duodenum, antrum, corpus, and esophagus; and gastritis, duodenitis, and esophagitis were identified through histopathologic examination. The data gathered the ends of the research were compared between IBD with non-IBD groups and between CD-UC with non-IBD groups, and the presence of significant differences between groups were determined. Results: In our study, 16 patients were diagnosed with CD, 13 with UC, 3 with undeterminate colitis, and 13 with non-IBD. In the histopathological examination of the groups, GIS involvement was found in 94.1% of patients diagnosed with IBD and in 38.5% of non-IBD patients. Moreover, the difference was found to be statistically significant (p=0.032). No significant difference was found between the CD and UC groups. Gastritis was mostly observed in 93.8% of CD-diagnosed patients, 76.8% of UC-diagnosed patients, 81.2% of IBD-diagnosed patients, and 38.5% of non-IBD-diagnosed patients. On the other hand, significant differences were found between CD and non-IBD groups (p=0.03), UC and non-IBD groups (p=0.047), and IBD and non-IBD groups (p=0.03). Conclusion: The results of the study show that gastritis was highly observed in UC- and CD-diagnosed patients than in non-IBD-diagnosed patients.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.214-217
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• 2018

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a well-recognized risk factor for thrombotic events in adults but data on children are scarce. In the great majority of adult patients, thrombotic events are usually deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Other sites such as jugular veins are extremely rare. We present a case of Lemierre syndrome in an adolescent girl with active ulcerative colitis and discuss possible risk factors. This is the first reported case of severe Lemierre syndrome with thrombus extension to cranial veins in a patient with ulcerative colitis. Early recognition of Lemierre syndrome in patients who present with rapidly worsening symptoms of neck pain, fever and signs of pharyngitis is imperative because it increases a chance of favorable prognosis. It is important for pediatricians treating IBD patients not to underestimate possible thrombotic events in children with IBD. Recognition of additional risk factors is crucial for prompt diagnosis and adequate treatment.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.284-296
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• 2015

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of Ohmae-hwan (OMH) and Mume Fructus (MF) on inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Methods: Mice were divided into 4 groups: a normal group, control group, MF group, and OMH group. Three groups, excluding the normal group, were fed a 5% solution of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) in water for 10 days to induce inflammatory bowel disease. From the fourth day of DSS treatment, the control group was given distilled water only, the MF group was given MF powder in distilled water, and the OMH group was given dried OMH extract powder in distilled water for 7 days. Results: For each animal, changes in body weight, colon length, and component levels in blood and colon tissues after each treatment were noted. The weight in the control group and MF group decreased slightly compared with that in the OMH group, and the colon length in the MF group and OMH group was more than that in the control group. TNF-α and WBC were decreased in both the MF group and the OMH group. RBC was increased in the OMH group, like in the normal group, compared with the control group and MF group. Hb and PLT of each group were not significantly different. Regarding changes in the colon tissues, both the MF group and OMH groups recovered similar to the normal group. Conclusions: Thus, treatment with OMH and MF seems to be effective against inflammatory bowel disease, and OMH is likely to increase body weight and induce RBC recovery better than MF.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.32 no.7
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• pp.835-843
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• 2022

Deinococcus radiodurans is an extremophilic bacterium that can thrive in harsh environments. This property can be attributed to its unique metabolites that possess strong antioxidants and other pharmacological properties. To determine the potential of D. radiodurans R1 lysate (DeinoLys) as a pharmacological candidate for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), we investigated the antiinflammatory activity of DeinoLys in bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) and a colitis mice model. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated BMDCs treated with DeinoLys exhibited alterations in their phenotypic and functional properties by changing into tolerogenic DCs, including strongly inhibited proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-12p70) and surface molecule expression and activated DC-induced T cell proliferation/activation with high IL-10 production. These phenotypic and functional changes in BMDCs induced by DeinoLys in the presence of LPS were abrogated by IL-10 neutralization. Furthermore, oral administration of DeinoLys significantly reduced clinical symptoms against dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis, including body weight loss, disease activity index, histological severity in colon tissue, and lower myeloperoxidase level in mice. Our results establish DeinoLys as a potential anti-inflammatory candidate for IBD therapy.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.165-173
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• 1997

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of DA-9601, an extract of Artemisiae Herba, which is known to possess mucoprotective action either by free radical scavenging effect or increase of mucus secretion, against animal models of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) induced by trinirobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) or other noxious agents. Experimental colitis was induced by intracolonic administration of TNBS in 50% ethanol, or 1 ml of 7% acetic acid solution (AA), by subcutaneous injection of indomethacin (INDO) in rats, or by supplementing drinking water with 5% dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) in albino mice. DA-9601 was treated orally for 4 to 7 days. Animals were euthanized 1 day after the last treatment for morphological and biochemical analysises. All the noxious agents including TNBS, AA, INDO and DSS elicited severe colitis. The animals treated with DA-9601 showed a consistent, dose-related reduction in the severity of colitis, grossly and histologically. The reduction was significant (p<0.05) after administration of DA-9601 at dose range of 10 mg/kg or above. In TNBS-induced colitis, the rats receiving DA-9601 showed significantly decreased mucosal myeloperoxidase (MPO) and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBA-RS), when compared to control and mesalazine groups. Mucosal proinflammatory cytokine levels were also decreased after DA-9601 treatment. In conclusion, DA-9601 ameliorated macroscopic and histologic scores in experimental colitis either through decreasing oxidative stress or by attenuating cytokines involved in inflammation. DA-9601 could be a promising drug for the therapy of IBD.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.351-374
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• 2021

Objectives: This study investigates the mechanism of Hwanggeum-tang (HGT) and Gamchosasim-tang (GST) on inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Methods: The mice (C57BL/6N) were treated with distilled water and 3% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) to experimentally induce ulcerative colitis. The mice were divided into 7 groups of (6 mice: normal, negative control, positive control (with sulfasalazine), 4 experimental groups (with HGT and GST, respectively). RAW 264.7 cells were used for cell experiments. The experiment was conducted in two ways: in vitro and in vivo. Results: In the experimental group (HGT, GST) of in vitro experiments, NO production decreased, and significant changes in gene expression and protein activation were observed. The length of the colon recovered in the experimental groups (HGT, GST) of the in vivo experiment was longer than that of the negative control group, and the mucosal barrier was recovered. Sone significant changes in the amount of mRNA expression were partially observed, and significant changes in protein activation also were confirmed. Conclusions: HGT and GST are effective in treating IBD caused by DSS. In the same herbal preparation group, the higher the concentration, the better the experimental effect, and when the same concentration was tested, HGT was more effective than GST. Herbal medicine has a higher antioxidant effect than sulfasalazine, so it is also excellent for cell protection.

• Clinical Endoscopy
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• v.55 no.4
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• pp.532-539
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• 2022

Background/Aims: Capsule enteroscopy (CE) and intestinal ultrasonography (IUS) are techniques that are currently used for investigating small-bowel (SB) diseases. The aim of this study was to compare the main imaging findings and the lesion detection rate (LDR) of CE and IUS in different clinical scenarios involving the SB. Methods: We retrospectively enrolled patients who underwent CE and IUS for obscure gastrointestinal bleeding (OGIB), complicated celiac disease (CeD), and suspected or known inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We evaluated the LDR of both techniques. The accuracy of IUS was determined using CE as the reference standard. Results: A total of 159 patients (113 female; mean age, 49±19 years) were enrolled. The LDR was 55% and 33% for CE and IUS (p<0.05), respectively. Subgroup analysis showed that the LDR of CE was significantly higher than that of IUS in patients with OGIB (62% vs. 14%, p<0.05) and CeD (55% vs. 35%, p<0.05). IUS showed a similar LDR to CE in patients with suspected or known IBD (51% vs. 46%, p=0.83). Conclusions: CE should be preferred in cases of OGIB and CeD, whereas IUS should be considered an early step in the diagnosis and follow-up of IBD even in patients with a proximal SB localization of the disease.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.13-26
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• 2016

Objectives: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is chronic inflammatory disorders of the intestines. Due to limitation of conventional treatment including steroids, herbal medicines have emerged as possible therapeutic options for IBD. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the therapeutic and prophylactic effects and mechanisms of Zostera Marina water extract (ZME) on DSS-induced colitis. Methods: Colitis was induced by DSS in Balb/c mice. In pre-treatment setting, ZME was administered 7 days before DSS treatment and in co-treatment setting, ZME was simultaneously administrated with DSS treatment. In both settings, ZME 100, 300 and 1000 mg/kg were orally administered twice a day, respectively. Mice weight and clinical findings were measured daily. Colon length, macroscopic findings and histological damages of colon mucosa were assessed at the end of experiments. The levels of cytokines including TNF-${\alpha}$, IFN-${\gamma}$, IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6, IL-10 and IL-17 were measured by Biometric Multiplex Cytokine Profiling method. Results: In a dose dependent manner, ZME significantly inhibited the colon shortening, and improved macroscopic score and histological score. However, there were insignificant changes on inhibition of weight loss and improvement of clinical score. There were no significant differences of effects between co-treatment and pre-treatment settings. ZME 300 and 1000 mg/kg groups significantly inhibited IFN-${\gamma}$. Only ZME 1000 mg/kg group significantly inhibited TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-$1{\beta}$ and IL-6. Conclusions: The current results show the possibility of therapeutic use and its prophylactic application of ZME on inflammatory bowel diseases. Future studies for targeted mechanisms of ZME are needed.