• 아동학회지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.1-15
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• 1986

한국은 급속도로 산업화해감에 따라서 점점 더 많은 어머니들이 가정 밖에서 일하고 있다. 이러한 경향은 앞으로 계속될 전망이며, 이에 따른 어머니 부재시의 영 유아 양육문제가 크게 대두되고 있다. 이 영(1986 a, 1986 b)의 연구에서 조사된 결과를 토대로 볼 때 자녀를 가진 여성의 취업율은 훨씬 높아질 것으로 전망되며, 이에 따라 자녀 관리문제에 대한 대안이 시급히 요청되고 있다. 그러나 현재 기존 제도하에 있는 시설로써는 취업모의 요구에는 물론 유아를 위한 프로그램의 기본적인 수준에도 미치지 못하고 있다. 따라서, 여성인력의 활용과 변화하는 가족 구조에 맞추기 위한 제도적인 대안 마련이 시급하다. 가정 외의 자녀 양육에 대해서는 다양한 선택의 여지를 둘 것이 권장되고 있으며(Beck, 1982), 국내에서도 대안책이 논의되어 왔는데(한국여성개발원, 1984), 본 논문에서는 특히 직장내 탁아소를 하나의 대안으로 제시했다. 여성 종사자가 많은 직장에서 부터 우선적으로 직장내 혹은 직장 근처에 탁아소를 설치함으로써 여성이 직장에 더욱 충실할 수 있고 능력을 마음껏 발휘할 수 있도록 함과 동시에 건전한 2세 교육에 이바지할 수 있으리라 본다. 특히, 3세 이하의 영 유아를 대상으로 하는 다양한 프로그램 개발이 절대적으로 시급한 현 시점에서 3세이하의 영 유아를 위한 직장내 탁아 프로그램 운영을 위한 대안적 모형을 제시하고자 했다. 대안적 모형 연구에서 취업모의 자녀양육지원제도에 관한 국제적 추세와 외국의 대표적인 모형에 관한 문헌조사를 통해 한국의 실정에 맞는 모형을 제시하였다. 취업모의 자녀양육을 지원하기 위한 시설과 제도에서 가장 중요시되어야 할 개념은 무엇보다도 질적 수준이다. 질적 수준에서는 인적 환경의 측면으로 교사의 자질, 교사(양육자)대 아동의 비율, 아동과 교사간의 상호작용의 질이 고려되었고, 물리적 환경 및 교육프로그램의 철학적 배경 및 건강 위생 측면이 가장 핵심적인 측면이 가장 핵심적인 측면으로서 고려되었다.

• 대한영양사협회학술지
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.229-242
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• 2008

This study examined foodservice management performance in child-care centers and suggests ways in which meal service quality can be improved. Questionnaires were distributed to 51 child-care facilities. The majority of respondents were facility directors (dietitians) and their facility type was tax-paid (92.2%). The dietitian response rate was 51.0%, and the majority (96.2%) were hired with co-management status, visiting a facility once a week (76.0%). Only 52.1% of the facilities had menu planning by a dietitian, and improvements were needed in terms of planning menus with standardized recipes, especially for infant meals. The monthly food cost per child was 47,394 won, and the labor cost for a co-management dietitian was 3,670 won per child, indicating 21.8% and 1.8% of the tuition fee, respectively. Other necessary improvements included: more reliable food purchasing management, securing additional foodservice equipment, and better sanitation management. In addition, respondents rated the following as requirements to ensure high quality meal service: 'modernized foodservice equipment and facilities', 'government financial support', and 'information on nutrition and foodservice management provided by dietitians'. Based on the study results, the following are recommendations for improving meal service quality in child-care centers: Dietitian placement should be extended to facilities of over 50-capacity in addition to their current placement in facilities of over 100-capacity, and co-management dietitians should have their control span restricted to two facilities instead of five. Finally, nationwide nutrition support plans and nutrition education programs should be developed and implemented by dietitians, and their roles should be extended to foodservice mangers as well as nutrition teachers.

• Archives of Reconstructive Microsurgery
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.1-6
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• 2013

Rats and mice are commonly used in experimental laboratories and anesthetic drugs are important for researchers to understand the details. Administration of fluids helps to stabilize the experimental animals before anesthesia via intravenously through the lateral vein in rats and in case of difficulty in catheterization and maintenance, fluids are usually administered as boluses. Large volumes of cool fluids will rapidly lead to hypothermia and all parenteral fluids must be warmed to body temperature before administration. Premedication with a sedative may ease induction with volatile anesthetic drugs. The first choice for rodent anesthesia is complete inhalational anesthesia. The second option is using injectable anesthesia. Recovery from the volatile agents that have been used rapid when the agent is no longer administered. Anesthetic monitoring equipment is an infant-size bell sthethoscope that can be used to ausculate the heart and lungs. Supplemental heating should be provided to reduce the heat loss supply and maintain core body temperature. The kinds of drugs, characteristics, route of administration and care after surgery were reviewed and summarized from the references. Anesthetic drugs, maintenance, monitoring and aftercare are important in the laboratories to keep the animal safe in all experimental procedures.

• 한국응급구조학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.19-33
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• 2015

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to improve the quality of prehospital care provided to infants and toddlers (preschoolers) based on questionnaire findings. Methods: A total of 1,634 running sheets from 119 centers of D city from patients older than 1 month and less than 7 years of age from January 1, 2013 to December 31, 2013 were reviewed for 119 emergency medical technicians (EMTs) activity analysis. And a self-reported questionnaire about knowledge and competency in prehospital care of preschoolers was completed by 159 EMTs at fire stations in D city. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 21.0. Results: Of 1,634 patients, 58.6% were call to 119 due to disease, 33.8% due to injuries and 7.5% due to traffic accident. Knowledge and confidence in treating preschoolers was significantly higher among paramedic EMTs than basic EMTs. The 119 EMTs surveyed indicated that training for preschooler prehospital care was most needed. Conclusion: In order to provide high quality prehospital care for preschoolers transported to emergency rooms, it is necessary to equip ambulances with the proper equipment. In addition, EMTs should be provided educational opportunities and clinical training.

• 부모자녀건강학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.77-90
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• 2007

Purpose: Motor vehicle crashes are the leading cause of death among children younger than 14 years old. The purposes of this study were to 1) provide a basic overview of child safety seats, 2) review car seat safety usage and misuse, 3) suggest interventions to motivate the usage of child safety seats. Method: The design was a descriptive study with literature review. Previous studies were searched of PUBMED, ProQuest and KERIS. Result: Child safety seats and automobile safety belts protect children in a crash if they are used correctly, but if a child does not fit in the restraint correctly, it can lead to injury. A child safety seat should be used until the child correctly fits into an adult seat belt. Conclusion: To improve child passenger's safety, educational, legislational and environmental enforcements are needed: educational interventions to promote use of child safety seats, strengtened legislation to mandate use of child safety seats, establishment of public acquirements.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.642-649
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• 2016

본 연구는 어린이집 영아반의 하루일과를 관찰함으로써 교재 교구가 어떤 의미를 지니는 지를 이해하고 이를 바탕으로 유아교육 및 보육 교재교구 인증평가에 시사점을 주고자 하는 질적 연구이다. 교재 교구가 영아들에게 어떠한 의미를 지니는지 구체적으로 알기 위하여 문화기술지 방법을 택하였다. 특히 자유선택활동에서의 영역별 교재교구를 활용한 활동 뿐 아니라, 식사 시간, 낮잠시간, 및 바깥놀이까지 포함하여 살펴보았다. 본 연구를 위해 연구자는 어린이집을 방문하여 참여관찰과 교사면담, 현장노트 등을 통하여 자료를 수집하였으며 영아의 특성상 언어적 표현 뿐 아니라 비언어적 표현에 대한 관찰이 필요할 경우 이를 보다 더 심층적으로 이해하기 위해 캠코더 촬영도 이루어졌다. 이를 통해 얻은 연구자의 관찰기록노트, 교사 면담자료, 표준보육과정 지침서, 어린이집 연간 및 주간보육계획안, 보육과정 평가서 등의 각종 문헌을 통해 얻은 자료를 분류하고 유목화하는 귀납적 분석 방법으로 자료 분석을 하였다. 그 결과 영아들에게 교재교구는 첫째, '맞이하고 놀아주는 내 친구', 둘째, '포근한 나의 보금자리' 셋째, ' 또 한분의 선생님' 으로서의 의미를 갖는다. 이를 토대로 보육시설의 영아용 교재 교구의 비치 기준안을 재정립할 것과 추후 교재 교구 인증평가 시, 영아들이 사용하는 교재 교구의 대상을 비품형 교재 교구까지 폭넓게 고려해야 함을 제안하는 바이다.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제3권3호
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• pp.119-132
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• 1973

This study observed on habitual methods of toilet training for infants and toddlers in Korea thru 300 mothers at four medical institutions Ewha Woman′s University Hospital, Ewha Maternal and Child Health Center, Severance Hospital and Seoul National University Hospital) with a design to analyze beginning time, duration of period, methods employed, motives, equipments used, special terminology used for the subject training. The main purpose of this study was to generalize the proper methods of toilet training, and also to contribute a better psychological education for the mother and child. The results obtained from this study were as follows; 1. Majority of (67.3%) observed were in the age category between 30 and 40 years, and dominant numbers (64.7%) were housewives with high level of education and from middle class family background. 2. In the most cases (85%), toilet training was carried out by mothers(including wives who had a job) while more than half of mothers (53.7%) maintained their important motive for the training was "due to having high regard for cleanliness" 3. As for the time of beginning toilet training: finding indicated that starting period was decided (70%) at inconsiderate desertion of each mother. whereas, only minority group (30%) represents the cases where mother started the training when they consider tile child was physically and psychologically randy. Also greater number (77.7%) started bladder training prior to that of bowel. 4. It is noticeable that in course of training a large number of mothers (48.3%) applied strict training method when the child proper talenting, and the more rigid and strict in tile training. the more malformation of personality of the infant and toddler were seen after the training period (P<0.01). 5. Over the half of the total cases denoted (bowel 54.3%, bladder 67.7%) starting period before one year and in most cases (bowel 79.3%, bladder 729)the training was accomplished within 12 month, and therefore it was noted that earlier start(before 1 year) shortened the training period (with 12 month) . There was no significant difference between male and female infants in both starting period and duration of period in bladder training, however, in bowel training there was a tendency that female started earlier(7-12 months needed, 51.4%) than tile male (13-18 months needed, largest number 41.4%), and also in cases of female the period for needed for training were shorter than the cases of male. 6. Many a number (bowel 50.3%, bladder 97.7%) employed the method of continuous talenting at regular interval in accordance with that of child′s habit formed before training. Equipment used were various kinds, however, pieces of paper for male (45.5%) and piss pot or bedpost (42.3%) for female were common, on the other hand, "Eung-ga" for defecation (52.3%) and "Shii" for the urination (95.3%) were most standard expression that used during the training period.

• 전자공학회논문지SC
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• 제49권2호
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• pp.38-45
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• 2012

선천성 난청으로 태어난 아이를 조기에 진단하여 가능한 빨리 적절한 치료를 해줌으로써 치료 효과를 극대화하고, 이후에 발생되는 사회적 비용을 최소화할 수 있기 때문에 신생아로부터 난청 이상 유무를 객관적으로 판별하는 검사 장비가 필요하다. 대표적인 것으로 청성뇌간반응(auditory brainstem response, ABR) 검사가 있으나 클릭음(click sound)에 대한 반응으로 주파수 특이성이 없고 고주파수 대역에 대한 청력을 주로 반영하는 단점이 있다. 청성지속반응(auditory steady-state response, ASSR) 검사는 주파수 특이도는 좋으나 오진의 가능성이 조금 높다. 이러한 단점을 보완하여 청성뇌간반응 검사와 청성지속반응 검사를 하나의 시스템에서 측정하고, Fsp와 F-test 분석을 통하여 객관적 지표를 보여주는 시스템을 제안하였다. 하드웨어 구성요소를 최소화하고 소프트웨어 역할을 강화하여 추후 하드웨어 수정 없이 소프트웨어의 수정만으로 다양한 검사가 가능하도록 설계하였다. 제안한 시스템의 객관적 평가 기능은 정상인 10명을 대상으로 한 실험을 통하여 검증하였다.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• 제39권3호
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• pp.104-112
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• 2021

This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of commercial disinfectants at inactivating Enterobacter sakazakii (Cronobacter spp.) in water. Disinfectant I contained 6.15% sodium hypochlorite, and disinfectant II contained both 2.25% n-alkyl dimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride and 2.25% n-alkyl ethylbenzyl ammonium chloride. Disinfectant I was added to distilled water to obtain a range of residual chloride concentrations at 50 ppm intervals with a maximum of 1-1,000 ppm. Disinfectant II was prepared at concentrations ranging from 1-200 ppm with 5 ppm intervals. Exposure time for all solutions was 10 min. In total, 58 E. sakazakii (Cronobacter spp.) strains were tested in this study. Nine isolates were obtained from clinical samples, and 49 isolates were obtained from environmental samples. Seven strains (6 clinical and 1 environmental) were able to survive in 100 ppm disinfectant I, and a maximum of 5 ppm of disinfectant II. Fifty one strains (3 clinical and 48 environmental) were not killed in 10 ppm of disinfectant I and 1 ppm of disinfectant II in water. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that clinical E. sakazakii (Cronobacter spp.) strains displayed 5- to 10-fold higher resistance to disinfectants than environmental E. sakazakii (Cronobacter spp.) strains. Disinfectant II, containing quaternary ammonium compounds, was shown to be more potent in inactivating E. sakazakii (Cronobacter spp.) in water used to clean infant formula manufacturing equipment than disinfectant I.

• 한국입자에어로졸학회지
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.73-94
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• 2020

Particulate infectious sources, including infectious viruses, can float in the air, causing airborne infections. To prevent indoor airborne infection, dilution control by ventilation and indoor air cleaners are frequently used. In this study, the risk of airborne infection by the operation of these two techniques was evaluated. In case of dilution control by ventilation, a high efficiency air filter was embedded at the inlet of supply air. In this study, infectious source reduction devices such as indoor air cleaner include all kinds of mechanical-filters, UV-photo catalysts and air ionizers through which air flow is forced by fans. Two mathematical models for influenza virus were applied in an infant care room where infants and young children are active, and the risk reduction efficiency was compared. As a result, in the case of individually operating the ventilator or the infectious source reduction device, the airborne infection risk reduction efficiencies were 55.2~61.2% and 53.8~59.9%, respectively. When both facilities were operated, it was found that the risk of airborne infection was reduced about 72.2~76.8%. Therefore, simultaneous operation of ventilation equipment and infectious source reduction device is the most effective method for safe environment that minimizes the risk of airborne infection of respiratory infectious diseases. In the case of a space where sufficient ventilation operation is difficult, it was found that the operation of an infectious source reduction device is important to prevent the spread of infectious diseases. This study is meaningful in that it provides an academic basis for strategies for preventing airborne infection of respiratory infectious diseases.