• Title/Summary/Keyword: Infant and Toddler

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A Study on Nutritional Status of Young Children in Rural Korea (농촌영유아의 영양상태(營養狀態)에 관(關)한 조사연구(調査硏究))

  • Kim, Kyoung-Sik;Kim, Pang-Ji;Nam, Sang-Ok;Choi, Jung-Shin
    • Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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    • v.7 no.1
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    • pp.1-28
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    • 1974
  • The writers have conducted the investigation to assess the nutritional status of young rural Korean children aged from 0 to 4 years old in August 1971. The survey areas were Kaejong-myon. Daeya-myon, Okku-gun, Jeonra-bukdo, Korea. These survey areas were typical agricultural plain areas. The total numbers of children examined were 2,706 comprising 1,394 male and 1,312 female. The weight, height, and chest circumference of children were measured and means and standard deviations. were calculated for each measurement. In addition, the nutritional status of each child was classified by the four levels of malnutrition and the Gomez classification, The examination of red blood cell count, haematocrit value, and intestinal parasite infection were carried out at the same time. In general, recent work tend to suggest that environmental influences, especially nutrition, are of great importance than genetic background or other biological factors for physical growth and development. Certainly the physical dimensions of the body are much influenced by nutrition, particularly in the rapidly growing period of early childhood. Selected body measurements can therefore give valuable information concerning protein-calory malnutrition. Growth can also be affected by bacterial, viral, and parasitic infection. For the field workers in a developing country, therefore, nutritional anthropometry appears to be of greatest value in the assessment of growth failure and undernutrition, principally from lack of protein and calories. In order to compare and evaluate the data obtained, the optimal data of growth from the off-spring of the true well-fed, medically and socially protected are needed. So-called 'Standards' that have been compiled for preschool children in Korea, however, are based on measurement of children from middle or lower socio-economic groups, who are, in fact, usually undernourished from six months of age onwards and continuously exposed to a succession of infective and parasitic diseases. So that, the Harvard Standards which is one of the international reference standards was used as the reference standards in this study. Findings of the survey were as follows: A. Anthropometric data: 1) Comparing the mean values for body weight obtained with the Korean standard weight of the same age, the rural Korean children were slightly haevier than the Korean standard values in both sexes. Comparing with the Japanese children values, the rural Korean children were slightly haevier in male and in the infant period of female but lighter in female of the period of 1 to 4 years old than Japanese children. 2) Comparing the mean values for height obtained with the Korean standard height of the same age, the rural Korean children were taller than the Korean standard values except the second half of infatn period in both sexes. Comparing with the Japanese children, the rural Korean children were slightly smaller than Japanese children except the first half of infant peroid in both sexes. 3) Mear values of chest circumference of rural Korean children obtained were less than the Korean standard values of the same ages in both sexes. B. Prevalence of Protein-Calory Malnutrition: Children examined were devided into two groups, i. e., infant(up to the first birthday) and toddler (1 to 4 fears old). 1) Percentages of four levels of malnutrition: a) When the nutrtional status of each child was classified (1) by body weight value, the percentages for male and female of children attained standard growth were 52.8%(infant 83.3%, toddler 44.4%) and 39.7% (infant 74.5%. toddler 30.5%), the first level of malnutrition were 31.9%(infant 13.7%, toddler 36.9%) and 31.7%(infant 15.3%, toddler 36,0%), the second level of malnutrition were 12.3%(infant 1.7%, toddler 15.3%) and 23.3% (infant 7.7%, fodder 27.5%), the third level of malnutrition were 2.7%(infant 0.7%, toddler 3.2%) and 4.6%(infant 1.8%, toddler 5.3%) the fourth level of malnutrition were 0.3% (infant 0.7%, toddler 0.2%) and 0.7% (0.7% for infant and toddler) respectively. (2) by height value, the percentages for male and female of children attained standard growth were 80.3% (infant 97.3%, toddler 75.6%) and 75.1% (infant 96.4%, toddler 69.5), the first level of malnutrition were 17.9% (infant 2.0%, toddler 22.3%) and 23.6% (infants 3.6%, toddler 28.8%), the second level of malnutrition were 1.2% (infant 0.3%, toddler 1.5%) and 1.1% (infant 0%, toddler 1.4%), the third level of malnutrition were 0.4%(infant 0.3%, toddler 0.5%) and 0.2%(infant 0%, toddler 0.3%), the fourth level of malnutrition were 0.1%(infant 0%, toddler 0.1%) and 0% respectively. (3) by body weight in relation to height, the percentages for male and female of children attained standard growth were 87.9% (infant 77.6%, toddler 87.9%) and 78.2% (infant 77.4%, toddler 78.2%), the first level of malnutrition were 12.2% (infant 18.4%, toddler 10.6%) and 18.2% (infant 17.9%, toddler 18.3%), the second level of malnutrition were 1.9%(infant 3.3%, toddler 1.5%) and 3.0%(infant 3.3%, toddler 2.9%), the third level of malnutrition were 0.1%(infant 0%. toddler 0.1%) and 0.5% (infant 0%, toddler 0.6%), the fourth level of malnutrition were 0.1%(infant 0.7%, toddler 0%) and 0.3% (infant 1.5%, toddler 0%) respectively. b) When the nutritional status of each child according to the mother's age at perturition, i. e., young aged mother (up to 30 years old), middle aged mother (31 to 40 years old) and old aged mother (41 years or above) was classified (1) by body weight, among infants and toddlers, at each year of age, with increasing the mother's age, there was an increase in percentage of subjects underweight. This tendency of increasing percentage of underweight was more significant in the infant period than the toddler period. (2) by height value, no significant differences between each mother's age group were found. c) When the nutritional status of each child according to the birth rank, i. e., lower birth rank (first to third) and higher birth rank (fourth or above) was classified (1) by weight value, children of higher birth rank were slightly more often underweight than those of lower birth rank, but not significant. (2) by height value, no differences were found between children of lower and higher birth rank. 2) Gomez Classification: When the nutritional status of each child was classified a) by body weight value, the percentages for male and female of children. attained standard growth were 53.1% (infant 82.6%, toddler 44.9%) and 39.2% (infant 73.4%, toddler 30.1%), the first degree of malnutrition were 39.4% (infant 14.7%, toddler 46.2%) and 47.1% (infant 21.9%, toddler 53.8%), the second degree of malnutrition were 7.3%(infant 2.3%, toddler 8.6%) and 12.9% (infant 4.0%, toddler 15.2%). and the third degree of malnutrition were 0.2%. (infant 0.3%, toddler 0.2%) and 0.8% (infant 0.7%, toddler 0.9%) respectively. b) by height value, the percentages for male and female of children attained standard growth were 80.8% (infant 97.0%, toddler 76.3%) and 73.8%(infant 95.6%, toddler 68.0%), the first degree of malnutrition were 18.5% (infant 2.7%, toddler 22.9%) and 24.6% (infant 4.4%, toddler 30.0%), the second degree of malnutrition were 0.6%(infant 0.3%, toddler 0.7%) and 0.5% (infant 0.1%, toddler 0.7%), and the third degree of malnutrition were 0.1%(infant 0%, toddler 0.1%) and 1.1% (infant 0%, toddler 1.3%) respectively. C. Results of clinical laboratory examination: 1) Red blood cells: The ranges of mean red blood cell counts for male and female were $3,538,000/mm^3\;to\;4,403,000/mm^3\;and\;3,576,000/mm^3\;to\;4,483,000/mm^3$ respectively. The lowest red cell counts were seen at the age of 0-3 months for male and 1-2 months for female. 2) Haematocrit value : The ranges of haematocrit value of male and female were 35.1% to 38.8% and 34.7% to 38.8% respectively. The lowest haematocrit values were seen at the age of 2-3 months for male and 1-2, months for female. 3) The prevalence rates of intestinal parasites for male and female children with Ascaris lumbricoides were 34.1% (infant 18.8%, toddler 38.1%) and 36.0%(infant 18.4%, toddler 40.7%), with Trichocephalus trichiuris were 6.8% (infant 2.9%, toddler 7.9%) and 9.0% (infant 3.0%, toddler 10.6%), with Hookworm were 0.3% (infant 0.5%, toddler 0.2%) and 0.3% (infant 0.5%, toddler 0.3%), with Clonorchis sinensis were 0.4%(infant 0%, toddler 0.5%) and 0.1%(infant 0%, toddler 0.1%) respectively.

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A Depth Interview on Qualification, Role, and Professionalism of Infant/Toddler Teachers (영아 보육교사의 자질 및 역할과 전문성에 관한 심층사례 연구)

  • Ahn, Sun-Hee;Kim, Ji-Eun
    • Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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    • v.48 no.3
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    • pp.87-97
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    • 2010
  • The purpose of this study was to investigate the basic materials for enhancing the professionalism of 51 infant/toddler teachers through in-depth interview about the actual condition of child care centers. The results were as follows: First, the infant/toddler teachers got less credits of young child care and education subjects than day care teachers did. The current criteria for qualification of infant/toddler teachers was not appropriate for providing the child care services. An efficient and substantial curriculum must be designed to facilitate the day care services for infant/toddler teachers. Second, the infant/toddler teachers recognized that their roles were similar to child care teachers. The curriculum and practice must encourage and nurture the characters, beliefs, and dispositions of infant/toddler teachers. Third, it is necessary to review the various problems to enhance the professionalism of infant/toddler teachers. Several suggestions for enhancing the professionalism are discussed.

A Comparative Study of Mothers' and Grandmothers' Infant/ Toddler Reading Beliefs - Examined by Interdependence and Independence - (영아.걸음마기 자년 양육신념의 세대간 비교연구 -상호의존성과 독립성을 중심으로-)

  • 이완정;현온강
    • Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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    • v.37 no.4
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    • pp.97-110
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    • 1999
  • The purpose of this study was to examine Korean mothers' child rearing beliefs for their infant/toddlers and to compare young mothers' child rearing beliefs with grandmothers'. The subject was composed of 130 pairs of young mothers whose first child is 2 - 2 and half years old and their mothers(grandmothers) in Taegu city area. The major results of findings were as follows : 1. The Korean mothers' Infant/toddler Rearing Beliefs had four subfactors in both area of Interdependence and Independence. 2. Korean young mothers and grandmothers had higher infant/toddler rearing beliefs of interdependence than those of independence. 3. Korean grandmothers had higher infant/toddler rearing beliefs of interdependence than young mothers. 4. Korean young mothers had higher infant/toddler rearing beliefs of independence than grandmothers. 5. While Korean grandmothers had mainly infant/toddler rearing beliefs of interdependence, Korean young mothers had both infant/toddler rearing beliefs of independence and those of interdependence.

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A Preliminary Study on the Development of Infant-Toddler Developmental Scale : 1 to 36 Months (영유아발달 척도의 개발을 위한 기초 연구: 1-36개월 영유아를 중심으로)

  • Song, Jin-Suk
    • Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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    • v.9 no.4
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    • pp.405-419
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    • 2000
  • The purpose of this study was to develop a Korean infant-toddler developmental scale and to examine the demographic variables and infant-toddler development. The subjects were 167 mothers who have infant and toddler from 1 to 36 months of age in Seoul, Daejeon, Chungju, Yeasan, and llsan in Korea. The subscales consisted of language development, social and emotional development, physical development, and cognitive development. The significant variables which are influenced the infant-toddler development were age of infant-toddler and age of father.

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Teacher Recognized Toddler-teacher Relationships Compared with Observed Toddler-teacher and Toddler-peer Interactions in Play (교사가 인식한 영아-교사 관계와 놀이 시 나타난 영아-교사 및 영아-또래 상호작용)

  • Jung, Mi-Jo;Kim, Hee-Jin
    • Korean Journal of Child Studies
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    • v.30 no.3
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    • pp.99-112
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    • 2009
  • This study examined how infant-teacher relationships perceived by teachers related to observed toddler-teacher and toddler-peer interactions in play. Participants were 57 2-year-old toddlers and their 8 teachers. Toddler-teacher perceived relationships were examined by questionnaire toddler-teacher and toddler-toddler interactions were observed and recorded during play. Data were analyzed by correlation. Results were : (1) the perceived relationships of toddlers to multiple teachers in the classroom were very similar. (2) The pattern of interactions between toddlers and teachers was similar to that of interactions between toddlers and peers. (3) The more positive the toddler-teacher perceived relationship, the more positive the observed interactions between the children and teachers and between children and their peers.

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Evaluation of Infant/Toddler Programs in Korean Day Care Centers (한국 보육시설의 영아기 프로그램 운영 평가)

  • Yi, Soon Hyung;Lee, Ok Kyung
    • Korean Journal of Child Studies
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    • v.21 no.1
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    • pp.121-140
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    • 2000
  • This study investigated the quality of infant/toddler programs in 200 day care centers in Korea. The quality of infant/toddler programs was evaluated by observation and interview, using the questionnaire method. Results showed that the quality of the programs was moderate. There were significant differences in the quality of programs by type of day care center, i. e. the quality of infant/toddler programs in national and private day care centers was higher than in family day care. Future suggestions were presented for quality day care.

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Self-Evaluation of the Quality of Center-Based Infant/Toddler Care (영아보육 프로그램의 질적 수준에 대한 보육시설의 자체평가)

  • Choi, Kyoung-Ae
    • Korean Journal of Child Studies
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    • v.25 no.5
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    • pp.129-145
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    • 2004
  • This research aimed to analyze the quality of center-based infant/toddler programs in Korea. Scale for infant and toddler programs divide accreditation standards into 4 areas(physical environment, curriculum, health care, management system) with 60 standards. Standards can be divided into basic criteria and general criteria. The subjects are 149 day care centers(44 infant day care centers and 105 day care centers), and raters(teachers or principal) assessed the quality of each item on a 5-point Likert scale. The results of this study are as follows: 1) Self-evaluation result have marked 3.67 as average(range : 2.32~4.90), which barely meets basic criteria level. 2) Physical environment area has received worst score(3.41) and Health care area has received best score(3.92). 3) Each standard's score indicate the quality of infant/toddler care program: Feed care(4.29), Affectionate teacher-infant interaction(4.14) were highly rated while Nature environment/anmal/plant(2.75) and Teacher's facilities(2.74) were rated low. 4) Some variation factors showed differences in the qualitative level; number of child, education level of principal.

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Effects of an Infant/Toddler Health Program on Parenting Knowledge, Behavior, Confidence, and Home Environment in Low-income Mothers (저소득 가정 영유아 건강 프로그램이 어머니의 양육지식, 행동, 자신감 및 가정환경에 미치는 효과)

  • Lee, Gyungjoo;Yang, Soo;Jang, Mi Heui;Yeom, Mijung
    • Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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    • v.42 no.5
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    • pp.671-679
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    • 2012
  • Purpose: This study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of a mother/infant-toddler health program developed to enhance parenting knowledge, behavior and confidence in low income mothers and home environment. Methods: A one-group pretest-posttest quasi-experimental design was used. Sixty-nine dyads of mothers and infant-toddlers (aged 0-36 months) were provided with weekly intervention for seven session. Each session consisted of three parts; first, educating to increase integrated knowledge related to the development of the infant/toddler including nutrition, first aid and home environment; second, counseling to share parenting experience among the mothers and to increase their nurturing confidence; third, playing with the infant/toddler to facilitate attachment-based parenting behavior for the mothers. Results: Following the programs, there were significant increases in parenting knowledge on nutrition and first aid. A significant improvement was found in attachment-based parenting behavior, but not in home safety practice. Nurturing confidence was not significantly increased. The program led to more positive home environment for infant/toddler's health and development. Conclusion: The findings provide evidence for mother-infant/toddler health program to improve parenting knowledge, attachment-based parenting behavior and better home environment in low income mothers. Study of the long term effectiveness of this program is recommended for future research.

Rapid Determination of L-carnitine in Infant and Toddler Formulas by Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry

  • Ahn, Jang-Hyuk;Kwak, Byung-Man;Park, Jung-Min;Kim, Na-Kyeoung;Kim, Jin-Man
    • Food Science of Animal Resources
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    • v.34 no.6
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    • pp.749-756
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    • 2014
  • A rapid and simple analytical method for L-carnitine was developed for infant and toddler formulas by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). A 0.3 g of infant formula and toddler formula sample was mixed in a 50 mL conical tube with 9 mL water and 1 mL 0.1 M hydrochloric acid (HCl) to chemical extraction. Then, chloroform was used for removing a lipid fraction. After centrifuged, L-carnitine was separated and quantified using LC-MS/MS with electrospray ionization (ESI) mode. The precursor ion for L-carnitine was m/z 162, and product ions were m/z 103 (quantitative) and m/z 85 (qualitative), respectively. The results for spiked recovery test were in the range of 93.18-95.64% and the result for certified reference material (SRM 1849a) was within the range of the certificated values. This method could be implemented in many laboratories that require time and labor saving.

Factors Influencing Parenting Self-efficacy in Grandmothers Raising Infant and Toddler (영유아를 돌보는 조모의 양육효능감에 영향을 미치는 요인)

  • Oh, Jin-a
    • Korean Parent-Child Health Journal
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    • v.10 no.1
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    • pp.25-35
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    • 2007
  • Purpose: This study was done to identify degrees of factors influencing parenting self-efficacy in grandmother raising infant and toddler. Method: A convenience sample of 121 grandmothers whose grandchild was between 3 to 36 months old was used. The variables were health status, health problems and life event. The data were collected through a questionnaire survey and descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA with Scheffe test, Pearson correlation coefficients and stepwise multiple regression were used to analyze using SPSS WIN 12.0. Results: The average score for parenting self-efficacy was 39.39(SD=5.09), somewhat higher than moderate in level. Factor that was significant in influencing parenting self-efficacy was life event. This factors accounted for 14.6% of explained variance. Conclusions: It was found that the life event was influenced to parenting self-efficacy in grandmothers raising infant and toddler. From this study it is proposed that there is a need to develop programs and policies which support them. Ultimately a good care environment for children will be good for the young children's growth and development.

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