• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.593-602
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• 2006

Species composition, spatial distribution of major species, diameter and height classes distribution, and species diversity were .analyzed in the Korean red pine (Pinus densiflora, hereafter referred as pine) forest in the permanent quadrats, which were designed for Long Term Ecological Research (LTER). Collected data were compared with those from the other areas including urban center (Mt. Inwang and Hongneung) and boundary areas (Mts. Acha, Bukhan, Bulam, Cheonggye, Daemo, and Surak), and natural areas (Mts. Seolak, Songni, and Wolak) to clarify the ecological characteristics of pine forest on Mt. Nam. Species composition of pine forest on Mt. Nam showed a similarity with those of urban center but did a little and big differences with those on urban boundary and natural areas, respectively. Such differences that pine forest on Mt. Nam showed, were usually due to Styrax japonicus, Sorbus alnifolia, Oplismenus undulatifolius, Ailanthus altissima, Ageratina altissima and so on, which showed higher coverage there. Predicted from diameter and height classes distribution of tree species, pine forest on Mt. Nam showed a possibility to be replaced by a S. japonica. Considered that this replacer species is not only a sub-tree but also shade intolerant, such successional trend could be interpreted as a sort of retrogressive succession. Those on urban boundary and natural areas showed a difference by displaying probabilities to be maintained as themselves as an edaphic climax or succeeded to oak forests. Species diversity of pine forest on Mt. Nam was lower than those in urban boundary and natural areas due to excessive dominance of several species, which led to different species composition from the other areas. Plants, which produced the differences, were species that flourishes in the polluted industrial area (S. japonica and S. alnifolia), favors the disturbed site (O. undulatifolius), and exotic species (A. altissima and Eupatorium rugosum). Those results reflects that pine forest of Mt. Nam was exposed on severe environmental pollution and excessive human interferences.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.393-401
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• 1998

Based on clinical observations, it is suspected that the bone-tendon origin is the site where piratical failure, leading to pathophysiological changes in the humeral epicondyle after repetitive loading, is initiated Mechanical properties and failure patterns of the common extensor and flexor tendons of the humeral epicondyle under static and repetitive loading have not been well documented. Our goal was to determine mechanical properties of failure strength and strain changes, to correlate strain changes and the number of cyclic repetitions, and to identify the failure pattern of bone-tendon specimens of common extensor and flexor tendons of the humeral epicondyle. Mechnaical properties of human cadaver bone-tendon specimens of the common extensor and flexor tendons of the humeral epicondyle were tested under two different loading rates. No statistically significant difference in ultimate tensile strength was found between male and female specimens or between slow (10 mm/sec) and fast elongation (100 mm/sec) rates. However, a statistically significant difference in ultimate tensile strength between the common extensor (1190.0 N/$cm^2{\pm}$388.8) and flexor 1922.0 N/$cm^2{\pm}$764.4)tendons was found (p<0.05). When loads of 25%, 33%, and 41% of the ultimate tensile strength of their contralateral sides were applied, the number of cycles required to reach 24% strain change for the common extersor and flexor tendons were approximately 8,893, 1,907, and 410, respectively. The relationship between cycles and loads was correlated ($R^2$=0.46) Histological observation showed that complete or partial failure after tensile or cyclic loadings occurred at the transitional zone, which is the uncalcified fibrocartilage zone between tendon and bone of the humeral epicondyle. Sequential histological sections revealed that failure initiated at the upper, medial aspect of the extensor carpi radialis brevis tendon origin. Biomechanical and hstological data obtained in this study indicated that the uncalcified fibrocartilage zone at the bone-tendon origin of the common extensor and flexor tendons is the weak anatomical structure of the humeral epicondyle.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.53-65
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• 1987

The study was performed to investigate the effect of gaseous emissions of sulfur dioxide and hydrogen fluoride on the growth of rice plants under stressed field conditions consisting of 88 industrial plants operating with 285 smoke stacks emitting pollutants. As for the relationship between yields and yield components it is believed that the panicles per hill is the single most important component affecting the rate of yield of the rice plant. Based on the standard partial regression coefficient analysis, panicles per hill has the largest contribution to yield and the average contribution of 54%. Other components such as spikelets per panicle, percent fertility and 1000 grain weight are also contributing factors to yield, although far less so. Fluorine content in the leaf appear to have more negative effect on panicles per hill, percent fertility and subsequent overall yield than does sulfur content in the leaf. It is constantly observed and interesting to note that fluorine and sulfur content in the leaf appears to have no effect on spikelets per panicle and 1000 grain weight. Reduction in yield seems to be affected mainly by panicles per hill which are, in turn, affected more by fluorine content in the leaf as demonstrated by the standard partial coefficient analysis. Regarding the prediction sum of the square of the regression equation, the lowest value was found when nine variables were used for the analysis. The variables taken into consideration were the monthly sulfur and fluorine content in the leaf as well as the monthly percent of leaf damage during the months of June, July and August. A significant correlation is found between the actual and predicted yields by the regression equations selected as a result of a prediction sum of the square analysis.

• 대한공업교육학회지
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.164-188
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to investigate the perception of undergraduates of the college of education on the importance of certification areas and factors suggested by the certification system at each department level as well as the college as a whole, in order to come up with measures for further improvement. The specific objectives of this study are first, verifying different perception on the importance of certification areas and factor per department, second, verifying different perception on the importance of certification areas and factor per grade. The population of this study is undergraduates of the college of education at A University, and the survey on the different perception on the importance was conducted on 758 students of 10 departments. Total 800 copies of survey were distributed, and 299 copies or 37.3% were retrieved. First, it was found that undergraduates of the college of education at A University highly recognize the necessity of a new system to produce excellent teachers. when it comes to different department, in the area of teaching personalities, there is difference in the importance of teaching aptitude test and completion of social intelligence development program. In the area of teaching expertise, there is different perception in the importance of completion of curriculum education subjects per major, completion of curriculum contents per major, and participation in teaching demonstration contest. In the area of student guidance expertise, there is difference by department in completion of creative character development related education programs and "teaching practice" course. In the area of communication skills in the information society, minimum score requirement for a second foreign language is considered less important than others. Second, as for grade, freshmen highly recognize the importance of validity of teaching training course, integrity of the course, validity of the teaching training course in producing excellent teachers, graduates' job performing ability development as a teacher, appropriacy of curriculum of the college of education in producing excellent teachers, compared to other grades. In particular, seniors consider the necessity of a new system to produce excellent teachers the most.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.129-142
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• 2014

Due to the increase of the aged population and population of the disabled today, there is a growing demand for rehabilitation medical instruments. Furthermore, there is a growing demand for evaluation indices for services that should be provided for uses of the rehabilitation medical instruments. In order to evaluate rehabilitation medical instrument designs in this study, the basic index for design evaluations shall be identified to search for assessment plans. Through this, new evaluation indices will be deduced through discussions and analysis of rehabilitation medical experts, biomedical engineers, and designers. The results of this study are summarized as follows. First, the existing design evaluation indices were collected and analyzed to construct 10 rehabilitation medical instrument design evaluation indices and 44 sub-evaluation items. These will be important evaluation standards for designing rehabilitation medical instruments in the future. Second, the design evaluation indices that must be taken into consideration when developing health care rehabilitation medical instruments are the 10 design evaluation indices of usability, cognition, safety, learning, motility, durability, economic feasibility, space, aesthetics and environmental aspects. Third, design evaluation indices of environment, space, cognition, usability, economic feasibility and aesthetics are indices that must be taken into consideration for product design, while learning, safety, motility and durability are factors that must be given special consideration for rehabilitation medical instrument design evaluation indices. Fourth, if existing product design evaluation indices placed importance on environment, space, cognition, usability, economic feasibility and aesthetics of products for design evaluation indices, rehabilitation medical instrument design evaluation indices placed importance on learning, safety, motility and durability on top of usability and economic feasibility, which are the differences between the design evaluation indices of rehabilitation medical instrument and other product designs. The 10 rehabilitation medical device design evaluation indices and 44 sub-evaluation items were carried out in this study. This research is only on the overall rehabilitation medical device design evaluation indices. In future research, the evaluation indices will be applied in the actual rehabilitation medical design device through production of prototypes, while making revisions and supplementations where necessary.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.153-159
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• 1997

Pokeweed, a polycarpic plant, has been used as herbage medicine, vegetable or dye. It, however, is known as an aggressive plant in the vicinity of the industrial area evolving air pollutants. The experiment was done to determine the effect of priming using nitrates, germination temperature and light quality on germination of its seed to get information on the optimum germination process as well as its establishment. The daily percent germination was measured to 12 days after sowing since its seeds were treated by two different nitrates [KNO$_3$, Ca(NO$_3$)$_2$]. their different concentrations (0, 50, 150, 300mM), then treatment duration (1, 3, 6 days), different germination temperature (day /night; 30/30, 30/20, 20/30, 20/2$0^{\circ}C$) and light quality (red, white, dark) before or during germination. The percent germination was greater in the KNO$_3$ treatment than in the Ca(NO$_3$)$_2$ but in the priming treatment with KNO$_3$ in comparison with no-priming. In the priming treatment with KNO$_3$, the percent germination was increased with its increased concentration to 150mM although decreased with delayed duration to 6 days. Regardless of light quality, the greater percent germination was shown in the order of 2$0^{\circ}C$ constant and 20/3$0^{\circ}C$ alternative, 3$0^{\circ}C$ constant, 30/2$0^{\circ}C$ alternative temperature. The germination was less in the dark during germination than in the illumination in which the red light had greater percent germination compared to white light. The seeds primed with KNO$_3$ were germinated under the alternative temperature even in the dark condition.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.53 no.4
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• pp.394-400
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• 2008

Crop characteristics of 137 common millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) resources collected in Korea were investigated in order to establish basic data for the improvement of crop breeding. Spike types of 137 plant resources were classified as 4 types of oblate, spreading, oblate-compact (intermediary type between oblate and compact) and oblate-spreading (intermediary type between oblate and compact) type, of which oblate spike type was the highest percentage of 66.4% (91 plant resources) of 137 germplasm. Seed color was classified as 5 colors of dark brown, yellow, brown, yellowish brown, and yellowish white, of which yellowish white was the highest percentage of 66.4% (54 plant resources) among them. Seed type was classified as 2 types of pyramid shape and short pyramid shape, which showed 62.8% and 37.2% respectively. Days from seeding to heading date showed the range from 68 to 85 days with 73.7 days in the average and the highest frequency proportion of it was the group from 70 to 75 days, which occupied 46.7% (64 plant resources) of 137 germplasm. Days from seeding to physiological maturity showed the range from 109 to 124 days with 112.0 days in the average and the highest frequency proportion (60.6%) of it was the group from 111 to 115 days, while there were also occupied with 6.6% below 110 days and 5.1% over 120 days among 137 germplasm. Group from 181 cm to 190 cm of culm length showed the highest frequency proportion of 47.4%, whereas below 160 cm was the lowest occupancy of 2.9%. Spike length showed the range from 181 to 190 cm with 181.4 cm in the average and the highest frequency distribution of it was the group from 31 to 35 cm with the proportion of 54.0%. Number of grains per spike showed the range from 432 to 2,665 grains with 1,429.5 grains in the average and group from 1,200 to 1,400 grains per spike was the highest frequency distribution with the proportion of 20.4%. There were also occupied with 13.1% below 1,000 grains and 8.6% over 2,000 grains per spike among 137 germplasm.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.263-269
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• 2006

To evaluate the potentiality of industrial use of cysteine proteinase inhibitor (cystatin) of tilapia egg and serum stability of the tilapia cystatin on low temperature storage and heat treatment was studied. When the eggs were stored at $4^{\circ}C$ for 3 days the cystatin activity was not changed much, while the supernatant of egg homogenate lost its cystatin activity significantly, remaining only about 65% of initial activity. When the eggs and serum were subjected to repeated freeze at $-20^{\circ}C$ and thaw at room temperature once a day, the egg cystatin was decreased after 5 cycles of freeze and thaw. However the serum cystatin was not changed by the 5 times repetition of freeze and thaw. More than 80% of egg cystatin activity was remained when the egg was heated at $35^{\circ}C$ for 30 min, but less than 10% was remained when heated at $50^{\circ}C$. On the other hand, the serum cystatin was very resistant to heat, remaining about 74% after heating at as high as $80^{\circ}C$ for 30 min. In summary, the egg cystatin was more stable when stored as intact form of egg rather than as supernatant of homogenate when stored at refrigeration. Egg cystatin was relatively stable against repeated freeze-thaw, and serum was found to be more stable in cysteine proteinase inhibitory activity than egg. Egg cystatin was not very resistant to heat treatment, while serum cystatin was quite resistant to high temperature heat treatment. These results suggest that tilapia egg and serum, especially the serum, would be a useful source for cysteine proteinase inhibitor in surimi production.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.62 no.4
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• pp.285-292
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• 2017

We investigated physicochemical properties of puffed snacks with intermediate and high amylose rice varieties. The intermediate amylose rice varieties 'Sindongjin' and high amylose rice varieties newly developed for food processing, 'Dodamssal' and 'Goami4' were tested for this study. The crude fat and crude protein contents of the rice cultivars ranged 1.47-3.08% and 6.30-7.63%, respectively. The resistant starch and amylose contents of Dodamssal and Goami4 were higher than those of Sindongjin. The hardness of rice was the highest in Sindongjin and Dodamssal. Also, Hardness of puffed snacks decreased by 72.07% for Sindongjin, 88.21% for Dodamssal and 66.67% for Goami4 compared to raw rice samples. The sensory evaluation showed that the highest scores in taste, texture and overall acceptability of puffed snacks were obtained in Dodamssal. The results of this study indicate that Dodamssal was suitable varieties for puffed snacks. Also, the physicochemical properties of Dodamssal were improved by the extrusion process. Therefore Dodamssal can be used for the industrial production of puffed snacks.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.391-400
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• 2008

Odor management is significantly concerned with sustainable livestock production because odor nuisance is a primary cause for complaint to neighbors. This study was conducted to measure the concentration of odorous compounds, odor intensity, and odor offensiveness at unit process in animal waste treatment facility combined composting and methane fermentation process by an instrumental analysis and direct olfactory method. Ammonia, sulfur-containing compounds, and volatile fatty acid were analyzed at each process units and boundary area in summer and winter, respectively. Higher concentration of odorants occurred in the summer than in the winter due to high ambient temperature. The maximum concentration of odorants was detected in composting pile when mixed manure was being turned followed by inlet, curing, outlet, and screen & packing process. Highest concentration of detected odorous compounds was ammonia ranging from 3.4 to 224.7 ppm. Among the sulfur-containing compounds measured, hydrogen sulfide was a maximum level of 2.3 ppm and most of them exceeded reported odor detection thresholds. Acetic acid was the largest proportion of VFA generated, reaching a maximum of 51 to 89%, followed by propionic and butyric acid at 1.9 to 35% and 1.8 to 15%, respectively. Malodor assessment by a human panel appeared a similar tendency in instrumental analysis data. Odor quotient for predicting major odor-causing compounds was calculated by dividing concentrations measured in process units by odor detection thresholds. In the composting process, hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, dimethyl sulfide, and methyl mercaptan were deeply associated with odor-causing compounds, while the major malodor compounds in the inlet process were methyl mercaptan, hydrogen sulfide, and butyric acid.