• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.167-199
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• 2005

The following policy implications can be drawn from this study: 1) The Air Pollution Emission Amount Report published by the Ministry of Environment since 1991 classifies industries into 4 sectors, i. e., heating, manufacturing, transportation and power generation. Currently, the usability of report is very low and extra efforts should be given to refine the current statistics and to improve the industrial classification. 2) Big pollution industries are as follows - s7, s17 and s20. The current air pollution control policy for these sectors compared to other sectors are found to be inefficient. This finding should be noted in the implementation of future air pollution policy. 3) s10 and s17 are found to be a big polluting industrial sector and its pollution reduction effect is also significant. 4) The effect of emission coefficient (${\Delta}f$) has the biggest impact on the reduction of emission amount change and the effect of economic growth coefficient (${\Delta}y$) has the biggest impact on the increase of emission volume. The effect of production technology factor (${\Delta}D$) and the effect of the change of the final demand structure (${\Delta}u$) are insignificant in terms of the change of emission volume. 5) Further studies on emission estimation techniques on each industry sector and the economic analysis are required to promote effective enforcement of the total volume control system of air pollutants, the differential management of pollution causing industrial sectors and the integration of environment and economy. 6) Korea's economic growth in 1990 is not pollution-driven in terms of the Barry Commoner's hypothesis, even though the overall industrial structure and the demand structure are not environmentally friendly. It indicates that environmental policies for the improvement of air quality depend mainly on the government initiatives and systematic national level consideration of industrial structures and the development of green technologies are not fully incorporated.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.115-123
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• 2005

In this study, life cycle assessment(LCA) technique was employed to evaluate the environmental impact of material recycling of polyethylene terephthalate(PET) bottle. Life cycle inventory was established based on the data collected from recycling companies in Korea. Simapro 5.0 LCA software and Eco-indicator 95 index were used for the analysis. The biggest impact by the material recycling of PET bottle on the environmental category was the global warming. It is because melting and production of the recycled PET product consume a significant amount of electricity and energy. In the environmental pollution discharge, $CO_2$ emission was the highest, followed by NOx. This is probably due to the use of diesel and gasoline in the consumption of electricity and transportation. All the environmental impact showed (-) value except the ozone layer depletion, which means that the material recycling of PET bottle is environmentally fair. The use of recycled PET product greatly reduced the environmental impact.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.156-164
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• 1996

Benzidine is recognized as a urinary bladder carcinogen in humans. The use of benzidine in industries was prohibited because of its carcinogenecity, but, production and usage of benzidine-based dye was still permitted in most countries. This study was performed to compare the excretory patterns of urinary metabolites between benzidine-based dye(Direct Black 38) and benzidine in rats Benzidine-based dye was administered orally at the doses of 0.3, 0.5, 0.7 mmol/kg and benzidine was administered orally at the doses of 0.2, 0.4, 0.6 mmol/kg into Sprague-Dawley rats. To analyze benzidine and its metabolites, the high performance liquid chromatography with an electric chemical and ultraviolet detector were used. N-acetylbenzidine, N,N'-diacetylbenzidine and 4-aminobiphenyl were identified in the urine of the rats receiving dye and benzidine. The excreted amount of the urinary benzidine from dye was almost 1/10 of that from benzidine. Excretion rates of metabolites were more prolonged in the dye receiving group than those of the benzidine group. Peak concentration time of urinary N,N'-diacetylbenzidine was more prolonged than other metabolites in both groups. The excreted amount of N-acetylbenzidine was more than the others in both group. These results suggested that N-acetylbenzidine may be an useful Biological exposure index for benzidine-based dye.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.18 no.11
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• pp.43-49
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to analyze factors affecting the housing market by setting household loans and M2, which are liquidity indicators, and the industrial production index reflecting economic fluctuations, as variables, and to determine the effect of expected housing prices. An empirical analysis was conducted based on the data from January 2005 to May 2020, and the HP filter was applied to the real house price as the expected house price variable. As a result of the analysis, it was found that real household loans, real M2, and so on, had an effect on house prices, and expectations for past house prices and house prices increased the house prices in the present period. These results show that even though the liquidity expansion is aimed at revitalizing the economy, it can affect housing prices as well.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.276-285
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• 2009

Despite great commercial interest, relatively little has been described about molecular mechanism of bivalve reproduction. We investigated genes involved in ovarian maturation of the Yesso scallop, Patinopecten yessoensis. GSI index and histological analysis revealed that maturation of ovary begin in February and spawning period is from April to June which is similar to the previous study in the East Sea. As result of combination analysis of differential display RTPCR (DDRT-PCR) and histological examination, vitellogenin (Vg), ferritin (Ft) and ADT/ATP carrier protein (ACC) were identified as differently expressed genes in maturating ovary. Endpoint RT-PCR results showed that Vg is ovary-specific genes whereas Ft and ACC are expressed ubiquitously suggesting that Vg can be good molecular markers for ovarian development and sex determination in bivalves. Quantitative PCR results revealed that Vg were expressed highest during growth stage and appears to play a major role in oocyte maturation. On the contrary, expression of Ft was highest after spawning stage, which suggests that up-regulation may be involved in spawning and inactive stages in which the scallops recover from spawning. In addition, high level of the mitochondrial gene, ACC, may play a role in energy metabolism in maturating oocytes. Isolation and molecular studies of these key genes will expand our knowledge of the physiological changes from various exogenous factors including temperature, salinity, pH, even or numerous endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) during reproductive cycle. In addition, further study of these genes implicates various industrial applications including the stable seed production, increased food quality, or economic aquaculture system.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition Conference
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• 2001.12a
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• pp.38-47
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• 2001

L-theanine is a unique amino acid, found almost solely in tea plants. It is the main component responsible for the exotic taste of green tea. In our studies of L-theanine, we have found a variety of biological activities including relaxation and the alleviation of PMS. In general, animals generate very weak electric pulses on the surface of the brain, called brain waves. Brain waves are classified into four types, namely $\alpha$, $\beta$, $\delta$ and $\theta$-waves, based on their frequency. Brain waves correlate with individual mental conditions. For example, generation of $\alpha$-waves is considered an index of relaxation. In human volunteers, $\alpha$-waves were generated on the occipital and parietal regions of the brain surface within 40 minutes after the oral administration of 50 or 200 mg Suntheanine$^{TM}$ without causing drowsiness. Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) is a symptom unique to women which appears in the luteal phase from the ovulation period through the first day of menstruation. It possesses characteristics of having a peak just prior to menstruation and disappearing 1 - 2 days following the start of menstruation. Symptoms of PMS are generally categorized as mental, physical and social symptoms. When comparing the reported Symptoms of PMS by the methods of MDQ score, the Suntheanine$^{TM}$ group was found to have a lower incidence of PMS symptoms, including physical, mental and social symptoms. Overall, a significant alleviation of PMS symptoms by the administration of 200 mg Suntheanine$^{TM}$ was observed. With the successful industrial production of L-theanine, we are now able to supply Suntheanine$^{TM}$, offering a tremendous opportunity for designing functional foods targeting relaxation and the alleviation of PMS.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.14 no.4 s.44
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• pp.177-195
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• 2005

Tough Korean architecture and urban environment has been developed for almost 100 years, it still remains various kinds of problems. Many attempts was carried out by every new plan to reduce the problems, it result in requiring more investment than before. It means all the investment for the development has been inefficient and immature to protect economic problems compared with the developed country. For the reason of economic problems it must be studied in historical cases which influenced the economic impacts, before the proposal of index with the economic theory. Searching typical architecture or urban development that brought about economic impacts can be classified into 3 cases. First case is the impact that caused the economic growth, increase, boom like the Westminster & others and the american architectures after the economic crisis. Second case is the impacts that was the origin of decline, shrink in economic as the Palace of Versailles, the skyscrape buildings in america before the economic crisis. Third case is the impact that was the both role of increase and decline in economic as the modern architecture in industrial revolution which led to the national economic growth and the gap between the rich and the poor, and as the american architecture that was the root of crisis and the revival in economic. From the case study, it is clear that architecture has relation with economics in various factors as mass production, labour, and another industries all over the history & the world. Now, architecture strongly needed not only to raise functional, cultural effect and value, but to predict and control the economic impacts with theory from further research of historical cases to policy and practise.

• Journal of Korea Foundry Society
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.121-129
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• 2002

According to the investigation of waste $CO_2$ molding sand in the 15 steel foundries in Busan and Gyeong area, about 1 ton of waste $CO_2$ molding sand per ton of steel castings production was produced In order to reduce amount of $Na_2O$, Loss of Boiling (L.O.B), Loss of Ignition (L.O.I), Conductivity and PH which are present in the waste $CO_2$ molding sand below the reclamation effect, more than 50% of elimination for reclamation was required. It was found that the waste $CO_2$ molding sand does not contain a harmful component designated by industrial waste materials. Reclamation of the waste $CO_2$ molding sand was practically achieved by an abrasive-dry reclamation process. According to bench time of the sodium silicate-bonded $CO_2$ molding sand, reduction of compressive strength and surface stability index(S.S.I) become slowdown. Therefore, the reclaimed sand could be allowed the reuse of molding sand in $CO_2$ molding process including core sand.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.91-97
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• 2011

The efficacies of anti-atopic preparations were investigated in hairless mice suffering from 2,4-dinitro-chlorobenzene (DNCB)-induced atopic dermatitis-like lesion. Solid lipid nanoparticle (SLN) containing ceramide and astaxanthin was prepared by a melt-homogenization method using Aminsoft-CT 12 (Cocoyl glutamate) as an emulsifier. And then, the SLNs were coated with silk fibroin (SF) by taking advantage of an electrostatic interaction between the surface of SLNs and SF. SLNs were included in lotion (FL) and cream (FC) types of preparations. Anti-atopic efficacies of the preparations were investigated in terms of appearance of skin surface, spleen index, serum IgE level, and serum cytokine level. SLN-containing preparations suppressed IgE production and IL-4 expression, but promoted $IFN-{\gamma}$ expression.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.202-209
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• 2021

Natural dyes are more expensive than synthetic dyes and the dyeing process, which is mainly immersion of dye, is complicated. For this reason, relatively small-scale production methods were predominant. However, awareness and interest in environmental sustainability is rising globally, and the use of synthetic dyes causes various environmental problems such as wastewater and CO₂ emission, so the consumption of natural dyes is increasing. In addition, interest in digital textile printing, an eco-friendly dyeing method that can produce products of various designs and uses less water, is growing. In this study, natural indigo dye (Indigofera tinctoria) was used as a raw material for Digital Textile Printing ink, and ¹⁴C (Biocarbon) present in it was measured to confirm whether it was derived from natural ingredients. The performance was confirmed by testing the pH, viscosity, electrical conductivity, surface tension, and particle size analysis of natural indigo ink. In addition, the performance of natural indigo DTP ink and printing fabric was evaluated by inspecting the change in color fastness and corresponding index substances before and after digital printing with natural indigo DTP ink on textiles. Through this, the possibility of commercialization of DTP ink and printing fabric using natural indigo was confirmed.