• Journal of Life Science
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.216-222
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• 2018

Desmodium heterocarpon is one of vines belongs to Fabaceae family, mainly distributed in Asian countries such as Korea and Japan. This study was conducted to explore new nutraceutical resources from the plant kingdom possessing biological activities. To fulfill this purpose, the anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activities of D. heterocarpon ethanol extract (DHEE) were evaluated by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity assay, reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging activity assay, nitric oxide (NO) inhibitory activity assay, and the analysis of related protein expressions by Western blot hybridization. DHEE exhibited potent anti-oxidative activity as confirmed by DPPH radical scavenging capacity against DPPH similar with ascorbic acid, a well-known anti-oxidative agent, used as a positive control. DHEE also effectively suppressed hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$)-induced ROS on RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cells. Furthermore, DHEE induced the expression of the anti-oxidative enzyme heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1), and its upstream transcription factor, nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) as a dose dependent manner. DHEE inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced nitric oxide (NO) formation as a consequence of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) down regulation. Taken together, these results suggest that DHEE has anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activities and thus appears to be useful sources as potential anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory agents. The identification of active compounds that confer biological activities of DHEE might be needed.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.456-461
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• 2012

The leaves of $Stevia$ $rebaudiana$ are well-known in Japan, Korea, and China as a natural sweetener. Medicinal uses of this plant originated in Paraguay and Brazil in the form of aqueous decoctions of the leaves used as a contraceptive agent and for the treatment of hyperglycemia. In the present study, the antioxidant, anti-hypertension, and anti-inflammatory activities of $S.$ $rebaudiana$ extracts are investigated for their use in food. The biologically-active compound was isolated and purified from $S.$ $rebaudiana$. The isolated compound was identified as austroinulin ($C_{20}H_{34}O_3$; molecular weight 322) by mass, IR spectrophotometry, 1D, and 2D-NMR. Austroinulin was characterized as a diterpenoid possessing a 3-methylpenta-2,4-dienyl at C-9. When subjected to an inflammatory mediator inhibitory assay from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated macrophages, the austroinulin inhibited the enhanced production of nitric oxide (NO) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression (10 ${\mu}g$/mL＝67.9 and 45.1%, respectively). This was significant and dose-dependent. The results suggest that austroinulin from $S.$ $rebaudiana$ inhibited the NO and iNOS in RAW 264.7 cells.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.51 no.6
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• pp.565-575
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• 2019

The ethanolic seed extracts of the common buckwheat (CB) and tartary buckwheat (TB) were examined for their anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 cells. In this study, it was observed that the rutin content of TB extracts was 65-78 times higher than the CB extracts, while quercetin was only detected in the TB extracts. In addition, TB extracts were observed to have 1.8-2.0 times higher flavonoid and polyphenolic content than the CB extracts. Cytotoxicity was not observed when both the buckwheat extracts were evaluated at concentrations in the range of 6.25-400 ㎍/mL. The treatment with TB extracts significantly suppressed the LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO) production and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression at the protein and mRNA levels. The TB extracts more potently inhibited the LPS-induced production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 than the CB extracts. The mRNA levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 were also significantly inhibited both by the TB and CB extracts in a pattern similar to their production.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.32 no.1 s.55
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• pp.59-64
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• 2006

Crinum asiaticum Linne var. japonicum has long been used as a rheumatic remedy, an anti-pyretic, an anti-ulcer treatment, and for the alleviation of local pain and fever in Korea and Malaysia. In order to investigate the possibility of Crinum asiaticum Linne var. japonicum extract as a cosmetic ingredient, we measured its anti-inflammatory effect by inhibition of iNOS (inducible nitric oxide synthase), and the release of PGE2, IL-6, and IL-8. HPLC experiment after extraction with 95% ethanol at pH 3.5 showed that Crinum asiaticum Linne var. japonicum was mainly composed of lycorine (up to 1%), a well-known immunosuppressant. The content of lycorine varied depending on the type of tissue analyzed and the extraction method. In anti-inflammatory assay for inhibition of nitric oxide formation on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- activated mouse macrophage RAW 264.7 cells, the ethanolic extract of Crinum asiaticum showed inhibitory activity of NO production in dose-dependent manner ($IC_{50} = 83.5 {\mu}g/mL$). Additional study by RT-PCR demonstrated that the extract of Crinum asiaticum significantly suppressed the expression of the iNOS gene. Moreover, the extract of Crinum asiaticum did not show my cytotoxicity, but did show cell proliferation effect against LPS ($10{\sim}60%$ increase of tell viability). In an assay to determine inhibition of the $H_2O_2$-activated release of PGE2, IL-6, and IL-8 in human normal fibroblast cell lines, the release of PGE2 and IL-6 was almost completely inhibited above concentrations of 0.05% and 1%, respectively. Moreover, the release of IL-8 was completely inhibited over the entire range of concentrations (> 0.0025%). The result showed that the extract of Crinum asiaticum Linne var. japonicum has sufficient anti-inflammatory effect. There-fore, Crinum asiaticum Linne var. japonicum extract may be useful as an ingredient of cosmetic products.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.342-348
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• 2013

The following study was presented to investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of peel extracts (PE) from three citrus fruits: Citrus unshiu, Citrus limonia Osbeck and Citrus hallabong. According to this study, cytotoxicity, NO-production and protein levels of iNOS (inducible nitric oxide synthase) in macrophage cell were analyzed, which had been incubated in murine macrophage cell line RAW 264.7 cell of PE from those three citrus fruits. According to Citrus unshiu peel extracts (CUP), Citrus limonia Osbeck peel extracts (CHP) and Citrus hallabong peel extracts (CLP) treatment, the result showed that there was no cell growth inhibited below 2 mg/mL. Comparing the NO-production of the cell with LPS (100 ng/mL) and the treatment without LPS, significant increase of NO-production was detected. However NO-production also showed decrease trend, as the concentration increased. For each treatment, at the concentration of 1 mg/mL, NO-ihibitory activity showed significant result with following order: CUP > CHP > CLP. According to the result from Western blot, the inhibitory activities of iNOS protein from CUP and CHP showed fairly similar performances. Also inhibitory activity of COX-2 showed the following order: CUP > CHP> CLP. There was no doubt that all the treatments of CUP, CHP and CLP have anti-inflammatory effect and also that the inhibitory activity of the CUP treatment was the strongest among those three.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.313-319
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• 2008

Scutellaria barbata was examined to evaluate its modulatory effects on the functional activation of macrophages under lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment. To do this, hot water extract (Sb-HWE) was prepared from Scutellaria barbata and several inflammatory parameters such as nitric oxide (NO) production, phagocytosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) determination and intracellular signaling pathway were selected to be tested. Sb-HWE strongly blocked NO production in LPS-activated RAW264.7 cells in a dose-dependent manner. However, it did not suppress inducible NO synthase (iNOS). In agreement, Sb-HWE did not diminish inflammatory signaling composed of NF-${\kappa}B$ and its upstream activation signaling enzymes such as Akt and $I{\kappa}B{\alpha}$. Sb-HWE protected RAW264.7 cells from LPS-induced cytotoxicity up to 80% at 400\;{\mu}g/ml$. Furthermore, this extract blocked phagocytic uptake of FITC-dextran, while sodium nitroprusside (SNP)-induced ROS generation in RAW264.7 cells was not decreased. Therefore, our data suggest that Sb-HWE may have differential immunoregulatory function depending on macrophage-mediated immune responses.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.26 no.12
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• pp.1422-1430
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• 2016

This study was performed to investigate the modulatory effects of two prototypes of Panax ginseng saponin fractions, 20(S)-protopanaxadiol saponins (PDS) and 20(S)-protopanaxatriol saponins (PTS), on the induction of inflammatory mediators in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated RAW264.7 murine macrophage cells. For this purpose, RAW264.7 cells were treated with LPS ($10{\mu}g/ml$) before, after, or simultaneously with PDS or PTS ($150{\mu}g/ml$), and the released level of nitric oxide (NO) and expression levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) were evaluated. When RAW264.7 cells were treated with LPS and ginseng saponin fractions simultaneously for 24 hr, PTS, compared to PDS, more strongly attenuated the NO production induced by LPS treatment. When the cells were pretreated with LPS for 2 hr followed by PDS or PTS treatment for 24 hr, both ginseng saponins strongly reduced NO release. The pretreatment of RAW264.7 cells with PDS or PTS for 2 hr followed by LPS treatment for 24 hr significantly attenuated the LPS-induced production of NO. PTS showed stronger inhibitory potency to NO generation than PDS. Our western blot experiment showed that both PDS and PTS ($150{\mu}g/ml$) also significantly down-regulated the expressions of iNOS and COX-2 induced by LPS treatment. Our results suggest that both PDS and PTS possess strong protective effects against LPS-stimulated inflammation and that their protective effects are mediated by the suppression of NO synthesis via down-regulation of pro-inflammatory enzymes, iNOS, and COX-2 in the RAW264.7 cells.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.339-348
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• 2007

This study were designed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of $genistein-4'-O-{\alpha}-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-2)-{\beta}-D-glucopyranoside$ (GRG) isolated from Sophora japonica (Leguminosae) on the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin ($PGE_2$) production by RAW 264.7 cell line. GRG significantly inhibited the LPS-induced NO and $PGE_2$ production. Consistent with these observations, GRG reduced the LPS-induced expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) at the protein and mRNA levels in a concentration-dependent manner. In addition, the release and the mRNA expression levels of tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}\;(TNF-{\alpha})$ and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were also reduced by GRG. Moreover, GRG attenuated the LPS-induced activation of nuclear factor-kappa B ($NF-{\kappa}B$), a transcription factor necessary for pro-inflammatory mediators, iNOS, COX-2, $TNF-{\alpha}$ and IL-6 expression. These results suggest that the down regulation of iNOS, COX-2, $TNF-{\alpha}$, and IL-6 expression by GRG are achieved by the downregulation of $NF-{\kappa}B$ activity, and that is also responsible for its anti-inflammatory effects.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.50 no.6
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• pp.671-679
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• 2018

Glasswort has attracted an attention because of its interesting physiological actions. In this study, the effects of glasswort on inflammatory events including nitric oxide (NO) synthesis and arachidonic acid metabolism in cultured RAW264.7 macrophages were investigated. A series of solvent fractions, including fractions of hexane (Fr.H), ethyl ether (Fr.E), ethyl acetate, butanol, and water, were prepared from a 70% methanol extract of glasswort. Among the fractions, Fr.E showed the strongest inhibition of NO synthesis and inducible NO synthase (iNOS) expression in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages. At a concentration of $80{\mu}g/mL$, Fr.E decreased the NO and iNOS levels by 73 and 77%, respectively, after 24 h. Fr.E showed the most potent inhibitory effects on the expressions of cytosolic phospholipase $A_2$ and cyclooxygenase-2 with $IC_{50}$ values of 33.4 and $27.9{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. Fr.H and Fr.E also significantly inhibited 5-lipoxygenase expression in LPS-stimulated macrophages. These results suggest that the hydrophobic fractions of glasswort possess anti-inflammatory activities through modulating the arachidonic acid metabolism and NO synthesis.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.70-80
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• 2019

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of red ginseng-derived non-saponin fraction (NSF) on inflammatory responses and monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation in RAW264.7 and THP-1. NSF effectively inhibited inflammatory responses by downregulating nitric oxide (NO) production and protein levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). NSF ($2000{\mu}g/mL$) decreased the levels of NO, iNOS, and COX-2 by 33, 83, and 64%, respectively. NSF inhibited the differentiation of monocyte-to-macrophage by decreasing cell adherence along with downregulation of the cluster of differentiation molecule $11{\beta}$ ($CD11{\beta}$) and CD36. In addition, pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin 6, and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), were significantly reduced with NSF treatment. The NSF-mediated inhibition of inflammatory responses was due to the regulation of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells ($NF-{\kappa}B$) and nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2). NSF effectively suppressed the translocation of $NF-{\kappa}B$ into the nucleus, while nuclear Nrf2 and its target protein, heme oxygenase-1, levels were significantly increased.