• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2001

Since most people spend over 80% of their time indoor, indoor air quality tends to be the dominant contributor to personal exposure. In this study, indoor and outdoor $NO_2$concentrations were measured and compared with simultaneously personal exposures of 27 house-wives and female workers of kindergarten. Time activity pattern and house characteristics were used to determine the effects of these factors on personal exposure. Since house-wives student spent most their times in indoor with mean of 89.8%, their $NO_2$ exposure was associated with indoor $NO_2$ level(r= 0.92) rather than outdoor $NO_2$ level(r= 0.87). female workers were also associated with indoor $NO_2$ level(r= 0.70) though sample number were small. Using time-weighted average model, $NO_2$ exposures of house-wives were estimated by $NO_2$ measurements in indoor home and outdoor home levels. Estimated $NO_2$ personal exposures were significantly correlated with measured $NO_2$ personal exposures (r= 0.90). These results might mean that air pollutants exposure of old and feeble persons, and infants could be estimated by measuring concentrations of indoor home.

• Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea Planning & Design
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• v.35 no.8
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• pp.23-34
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• 2019

The façade, a fundamental function as a skin that protects human life from external environment such as cold and hot weather, snow, rain, and wind, etc, has served as a media for communication between indoor space of the building and outside space. From the media for communication point of view, the approach to envelope design, in which environmental elements are transmitted internally through the filtering of external environments, has been evolving in various ways from the past to the present. Today, modern architecture technologies including curtain wall systems and user-friendly computer programming and environmental analysis programs demonstrate a differentiated approach to envelope design related to the indoor environment. For this reason, it is worth noting that the envelope design factors and trends that appear variously in the UNStudio's projects before and after the 2000s. The factors reflected in the envelop design in conjunction with the indoor environment obtained through the case study of the UNStudio's office projects were daylight environment, thermal environment, ventilation, noise, privacy and view, and consideration for daylight environment and thermal environment was reflected in many cases through the case study. Looking at the changes in the diagrams in order of year, it can be seen that the envelope design using the environmental analysis tool has been performed since 2006. This is a clue to show the envelop design changes from the conceptual method to the data-based one. The diagrams and analysis results related to the envelop design showed that the thermal environment related to solar radiation was the most, and no diagrams and analysis related to the indoor illumination were found. Since 2010, PV panel installation has been shown in the envelope design, which can be found in the increased efficiency of PV panels due to the technological advances and the decrease in production cost.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.157-166
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• 2017

Objectives: Exposure to hazardous air pollutants could be affected by sociodemographic factors such as age, gender and more. Information on time spent in microenvironments has a critical role in exposure assessment. The purpose of this study was to analyze the exposure pathways which influence personal exposure through time-activity patterns and sociodemographic factors. Methods: A total of 379 subjects were collected from the second term of the Korean National Environmental Health Survey. A questionnaire survey in relation to sociodemographic factors and a time-activity diary were carried out for personal exposure to toluene. Focusing on personal exposure to toluene, factors affecting personal exposure were analyzed using multiple regression analysis. Results: Participants spent their time in an indoor house for $16.8{\pm}4.0hr$, workplace or school $2.3{\pm}3.5hr$, and other indoor $2.1{\pm}2.2hr$. Sociodemographic factors were significantly different among each personal exposure and microenvironment. Time of staying at an office turned out to be a main factor from point of exposure in exposure pathway using multiple regression analysis. As a result, this means that exposure may be different according to the time of staying in each microenvironment. Conclusions: Personal exposure to air pollutants might be decided by time-activity pattern indicating when, where, and which activities people pursue, as well as individual sociodemographic factors.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.351-359
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• 2010

The objectives of this study were to understand the characteristics of residents in industrial areas and factors affecting exposure to the Volatile Organic Compounds(VOCs : Benzene, Toluene, Xylene) as well as to assess exposure levels according to house-type, and whether residents were indoors or outdoors. This research was designed to assess the differences in exposure levels to indoor, outdoor and personal VOCs in a case group and a control group across all areas, as well as in each different area, from May to October 2007, in. 110 residents of the G, Y and H industrial areas of the Jun-nam province. The geometric mea-levels of airborne benzene for the case group 1.31part per billion(ppb) indoor, 1.29 ppb outdoor, and 1.32 ppb for personal exposure were significantly higher than for the control group 0.99, 0.87 and 0.57 ppb, respectively. The geometric mean level for toluene personal exposure across the G, Y and H areas was 5.70 ppb for the case group and 6.31 ppb for the control group. While the outdoor level was 4.27 ppb for the case group and 5.06 ppb for the control group, The indoor level for the case group was 4.78 ppb, similar to that of the control group 4.69 ppb. The geometric mean levels for airborne xylene across the G, Y and H areas were 0.16 ppb(outdoor), 0.12 ppb(personal exposure) and 0.10 ppb(indoor) for the case group, and for the control group were 0.17(personal exposure) and 0.09 ppb(indoor and outdoor). The indoor/outdoor(I/O) ratio for case group is 1.19, while that of the control group is 1.15, indicating that the indoor level was higher than the outdoor level. The interrelationship differences among the three different types of levels in the air in the G, Y and H areas are statistically significant, except for the difference between the indoor and outdoor figures for xylene. In terms of the different types of houses and energy type uesd, the geometric mean level for airborne benzene, toluene and xylene for houses were 1.61, 5.39 and 0.12 ppb, respectively. while the figures for flats were 0.67, 3.32 and 0.05 ppb, respectively. Outdoors, the levels of benzene and toluene in flats were 0.71 and 2.62 ppb, respectively. and 1.58 and 5.35 ppb in houses. For personal exposure, the house levels of benzene, toluene and xylene were all higher than for flats. Houses using oil for heating have significantly higher levels than flats, which use gas for heating.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.35-45
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• 2008

In order to recommend criteria for the administration law on indoor air quality, this study was conducted to examine the distribution and the concentration of indoor air pollutants ($PM_{10},\;CO_2$, CO, HCHO, TBC, $NO_2$, Rn, VOCs, asbestos, $O_3$) in public facilities in the Chung-Nam area. The concentrations of indoor air pollutants were obtained from sixty seven public facilities such as a cinema, an office, a restaurant, a theater and an academy. This study was performed from August to December, 2005. The results of this study showed that the concentrations of indoor air pollutants such as $PM_{10},\;CO_2$, CO, HCHO, TBC, Rn and $O_3$ were less than the recommended limits. However, the average concentration of VOCs was $521.73{\mu}g/m^3$ (GM : $221.69{\mu}g/m^3$), which was higher than the recommended limit of $400{\mu}g/m^3$. Moreover, the average concentration of $NO_2$ was 345.66ppb (GM : 69.95ppb), which was higher than the recommended limit of 50 ppb. The correlation between the concentrations of indoor air pollutants and the type of facilities with respect to $CO_2$, TBC and Rn was statistically low (p<0.05). However, the correlation was high in terms of the CO and $O_3$ concentrations (p<0.01). No relationship between the indoor air pollutants and the type of facilities was observed for $PM_{10}$, VOCs and $NO_2$. The year of construction was compared to the concentrations of indoor air pollutants. Specifically, when the construction date was less than 3 years, the HCHO, VOCs and TBC concentrations were $44.75{\mu}g/m^3,\;555.07{\mu}g/m^3$ and $337.79CFU/m^3$, respectively. These concentrations were $120{\mu}g/m^3$ and $211.84CFU/m^3$ higher for VOCs and TBC than the concentrations obtained from the facilities more than 3 years. However, the concentration of HCHO was similar between the facilities older and younger than 3 years of age. Year, temperature, humidity and indoor air pollutant correlation analyses showed that temperature and humidity, temperature and TBC, temperature and $O_3,\;PM_{10}$ and $NO_2$, HCHO and VOCs, $CO_2$ and Rn had positive relationships. However temperature and Rn, humidity and $CO_2,\;CO_2$ and $O_3,\;O_3$ and Rn had negative relationships. Accordingly, it will be necessary to manage the factors affecting indoor air quality so that the residents can have a more comfortable and healthier living environment. Ultimately, the results of this study are expected to be utilized as baseline data.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.19-26
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• 2017

The purpose of study developing Development evaluation methods of light environment for indoor of middle school based on 'Biophilia'. This study is mainly based on literary review and survey research. To construct structural questionnaire based on 'Light and Space' of Biophilic Design for well being lighting environmental evaluation. We construct structural questionnaire that have 10 evaluation factors and 60 detail evaluation items to evaluate lighting environment for indoor of middle school based on biophilia theory. To survey students' subjective evaluation, the participant of study has been selected with the total number of 232 middle school students. The data were analyzed using Multiple Regression Analysis by IBM SPSS statistics 21. The result of pearson correlation analysis between satisfaction of indoor light environment and school life satisfaction, satisfaction of the whole indoor light environment was found showing positive relationship with school life satisfaction. The results of light environmental evaluation were factor 3,6,8,9 was lower than others. This study was designed to suggesting an evaluation method of light environment of the school. Biophilia theory said when 10 evaluation factor are in harmony, light environment can be well-being. So, factor 3,6,8,9 that are important elements to increase the satisfaction of lighting environment are consider carefully for the plan of indoor lighting environment.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.87-92
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• 2016

Purpose: The objective of this research is to investigate and analyze the relationship between physical residential conditions and occupants' responses in apartment buildings by POE(Post-Occupancy Evaluation). The analysis results from this research will help to identify the indoor residential problems and find design solutions for improving overall residential indoor residential environment. Method: The occupant survey was conducted at four different apartment complex area at Cheongju City, Chungbuk Province, Korea. Combination of unbalanced indoor environmental conditions in residential building had difference of occupants' responses according to occupants' characteristics, such as gender, age, and so on. The survey collected data regarding the occupants' EQ(Environmental Quality) priorities to determine the weight of each environmental-quality factor (lighting, acoustic, thermal and indoor air quality). A paired comparison method was used to determine the weight by comparing the relative importance of the two factors based on occupant's survey response. Result: The output from this research is useful to understand the residential environment, occupants' satisfaction, preference, and identifies the current residential problems and finds an architectural solution in apartment buildings.

• Proceedings of the SAREK Conference
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• 2006.06a
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• pp.1055-1060
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• 2006

The Korean Green Building Certification System was activated from 2005. The purpose of it is to improve the quality of residential unit. Recently, people stay inside of building more than for 90% of a day Accordingly, it is really important for them to make the quality of Indoor Environmental better, in brief, to develop the indoor environmental factor in KGBC is important. One of the best way to develop the system is to do research based on POE because the area of problem can be realized. Accordingly, we get the information about POE from another research for the part of the indoor environment for residential unit to have the critical mind about the KGBC, and tried to compare the factors to another which is from foreign Green Building Certification System such as LEED, BREEAM, GBTool, After they have been analyzed, we could find that some of factor need to be revised and added. Also, there was one problem that many part of factor was created without any consideration of direction of each space in residential unit.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.12 no.9
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• pp.967-976
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• 2003

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are present in essentially all natural and synthetic materials from petrol to flowers. In this study, indoor and outdoor VOCs concentrations of houses, offices and internet-cafes were measured and compared simultaneously with personal exposures of each 50 participants in Asan and Seoul, respectively. Also, factors that influence personal VOCs exposure were statistically analyzed using questionnaires in relation to house characteristics, time activities, and health effects. All VOCs concentrations were measured by OVM passive samplers (3M) and analyzed with GC/MS. Target pollutants among VOCs were Toluene, o-Xylene, m/p-Xylene, Ethylbenzene, MIBK, n-Octane, Styrene, Trichloroethylene, and 1,2-Dichlorobenzene. Indoor and outdoor VOCs concentrations measured in Seoul were significantly higher than those in Asan except Ethylbenzene. Residential indoor/outdoor (I/O) ratios for all target compounds ranged from 0.94 to 1.51 and I/O ratios of Asan were a little higher than those of Seoul. Relationship between personal VOCs exposure, and indoor and outdoor VOCs concentrations suggested that time-activity pattern could affect the high exposure to air pollutant. Factors that influence indoor VOCs level and personal exposure with regard to house characteristics in houses were building age, inside smoking and house type. In addition insecticide and cosmetics interestingly affected the VOCs personal exposure. Higher exposure to VOCs might be caused to be exciting increase and memory reduction, considering the relationship between measured VOCs concentrations and questionnaire (p<0.05).

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.20 no.4 s.72
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• pp.106-113
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• 2005

The housing is a human's basic space and the comfort and the safety are the most basic conditions. According to the flow of age for Well-Being since the 21th, the suppliers and the users of apartment are making best effort now for the embossment of green environmental quality of apartment, and outstretch their hands for marketing strategic purposes in a side of indoor and outdoor environment with distinctive elements. But these supply and use are on progress competitively with the simple distinction, it is thought that indoor and outdoor environment are must be promoted according to the survey of residents' consciousness. So this study aims to provide basic materials with residents for the promotion of comfortable dwelling environment by solving the basic safety problem and also aims to survey and analyze the residents' safety consciousness in object of physical and non-physical environmental quality of indoor and outdoor of apartment by analyzing indoor air quality pollution, the feeling of being victimize caused by air pollution and safety consciousness according to physical environment elements.