• Korean Journal of Digital Imaging in Medicine
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.5-13
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• 2009

There are several reasons to take X-ray in case of inpatients. Some of them who cannot ambulate or have any risk if move are taken portable X-ray at their wards. Usually, in this case, many other people-patients unneeded X-ray test, family, hospital workers etc-are indirectly exposed to X-ray by scatter ray. For that reason I try to be aware of free space scatter dose accurately and make the point at issue of portable X-ray better in this study. kVp dose meter is used for efficiency management of portable X-ray equipment. Mobile X-ray equipment, ionization chamber, electrometer, solid water phantom are used for measuring of free space scatter dose. First of all the same surroundings condition is made as taken real portable X-ray, inquired amount of X-ray both chest AP and abdomen AP most frequently examined and measured scatter ray distribution of two tests individually changing distance. In the result of measuring horizontal distribution with condition of chest AP it is found that the mAs is decreased as law of distance reverse square but no showed mAs change according to direction. Vertical distribution showed the mAs slightly higher than horizontal distribution but it isnt found out statistical characteristic. In abdomen AP, compare with chest AP, free space scatter dose is as higher as five-hundred times and horizontal, vertical distribution are quite similar to chest AP in result. In portable X-ray test, in order to reduce the secondary exposure by free space scatter dose first, cut down unnecessary portable order the second, set up the specific area at individual ward for the test the third, when moving to a ward for the X-ray test prepare a portable shielding screen. The last, expose about 2m apart from patients if unable to do above three ways.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.25-29
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• 2012

During maxillofacial surgery, the infraorbital and mental nerves are blocked at eac foramen to induce local anesthesia. This study examined the relative locations of the infraorbital foramen (IOF) and mental foramen (MF) based on softtissue landmarks. Twenty-eight hemifacial cadavers were dissected to expose the IOF and MF. The distances between the bilateral IOFs, the bilateral MFs, the alae of the nose (alares), and the corners of the mouth (cheilions) were measured directly on cadavers by using a digital vernier caliper. The vertical and horizontal distances of the IOF and MF relative to the alare and cheilion were measured indirectly on digital photographs using Adobe Photoshop (Adobe, CA, USA). The distance between the bilateral IOFs ($58.09{\pm}4.04mm$) was longer than the distance between the bilateral MFs ($50.32{\pm}1.93mm$). The distances between the bilateral alares and cheilions were $41.22{\pm}3.44mm$ and $58.43{\pm}6.62mm$, respectively. The IOF was located $12.92{\pm}3.75mm$ superior and $7.88{\pm}2.56mm$ lateral to the alare, and the vertical angle (Angle 1) between these structures was $31.67{\pm}13.36^{\circ}$ superolaterally. The MF was located $21.83{\pm}3.26mm$ inferior and $5.56{\pm}3.37mm$ medial to the cheilion, and the vertical angle (Angle 2) between these structures was $14.05{\pm}10.12^{\circ}$ inferomedially. In conclusion, these results provide more detailed information about the locations of the IOF and MF relative to soft-tissue landmarks.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare Studies
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.327-348
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• 2010

This study aims to understand whether the effect of poverty is translated to adolescents' mental health though their exposure to violence, which is aggravated by the dangerous environments of the neighborhoods. For this purpose, the study analyzes whether poor adolescents tend to reside on neighborhoods with toxic environments, and whether living in the disadvantageous neighborhood causes the poor adolescents to experience greater violence victimization and fear of violence, and eventually, greater depression and anxiety. The study utilizes secondary analysis of longitudinal data of the Korea Youth Panel Survey. Structural Equation Modeling is used as an analysis method. The study results reveals that poverty has both direct and indirect effects on the level of adolescents' symptoms of depression and anxiety. Especially, poverty affects adolescents' depression and anxiety indirectly through increasing the possibility to reside in more dangerous neighborhoods. Explaining more in detail, living in dangerous neighborhoods seems to expose adolescents more to violence and fear of violence in the neighborhoods and this experience increases the level of depression and anxiety. The study argues that the negative effects of poverty on adolescents should be examined from the view of neighborhood environments. Finally, the study discusses the importance of increasing neighborhood competency as practice and policy implication.