• 한국분무공학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.116-121
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• 2017

Pre-combustion chamber type indirect diesel engines have different combustion characteristics compared with those of common rail direct injection engine. The CONVERGE, specific engine CFD program, was used to simulate hollow cone spray model and combustion. The air-fuel mixture flow propagating from pre-combustion chamber to cylinder was concentrated at top half and center of the pre-combustion chamber throat. Stronger mixture flow was formed at smaller and longer throat cases. As a result, thermal efficiency and fuel consumption were improved for modified throat shape and the soot emission was also reduced.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2014년도 제46회 동계 정기학술대회 초록집
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• pp.435-435
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• 2014

Eu(III)-doped Y2O3 nanorods were deposited onto a Si substrate using electrostatic spray system. The photoluminescence imaging profiles were compared between the electrospray film and powder form. Using electrostatic spraying technique is very advantageous to generate a uniform monolayer film without much clustering of nanorods. Strong emission peaks were observed between 580 and 730 nm in response to an indirect excitation transition. Our results indicate that the electrospray technique could be very useful for generating thin films for displays and sensors.

• 한국정밀공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정밀공학회 2002년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.975-979
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• 2002

This paper studies the indirect parameters when the new and worn end mill working in the machining center. The parameter output methods are cutting force, current values and AE signals. In the result, when the worn end mill operating, cutting forces increase the 14.71〔N〕, current values increase the 2.917〔A〕 and 1.168〔A〕 according to the spindle mote. and feed motor, and AE signals increase the 0.588$\times$10$^{-5}$ 〔A〕. We can use these parameters in the detection of end mill wear.

• 한국철도학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국철도학회 2008년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.1371-1373
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• 2008

Recently, the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) is the most important international issue. In order to control efficiently GHG emissions and reduction, it is essential to establish GHG inventory preferentially. The aim of this study was to establish the GHG inventory of Korean railroad. The GHG sources were divided into direct and indirect emissions. The GHG released from the operation of rolling stocks was classified according to operating line and the kind of car. Finally, the GHG emission of Korean railroad can be managed systematically using this GHG inventory.

• 태양에너지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.47-57
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• 1999

A building and the solar are related to the privilege of solar benefit. To make step, it is required to build up an object, chase the position of object and the solar, find the shadow occurrence. On the subject of direct illuminance, an intensive emission of irradiation is proposed to directly project to the benefit area. Simultaneously on the indirect illuminance, the integration of a finite element incident to the benefit area can be multiplied by the hemisphere luminance. A caution should be paid to eliminate the occupation area of the object around on the hemispherical sky, which can help run more accurate prediction.

• 산업식품공학
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.21-26
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• 2010

C-Reactive protein (CRP), which is an 118 kDa pentameric protein, was secreted by the liver is an important biomarker for coronary disease, hypertension and inflammation. In this study, a method for CRP detection exploiting quantum dot (Qdot)-antibody conjugate was developed according to an indirect-competitive immunosensing protocol. For this purpose, a streptavidin-bound $Qdot_{605}$ was linked with a separately prepared biotinylated monoclonal antirat CRP antibody to produce a Qdot-antibody conjugate. The immunosensing was performed at 0.1 and 20 nM of the coating antigen and conjugate, respectively. The current method was found very sensitive in CRP detection, judging from the concentration-dependent fluorescence emission.

• 한국해양공학회지
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.139-145
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• 2019

It is important that an MGO Chiller System, which is one of the sulfur oxide emission control technologies, is designed to meet the fuel temperature requirements, even with sudden engine load changes. Three different control algorithms (PI, Cascade, and MPC) were applied to an indirect MGO chiller system to compare and analyze the outlet temperature dynamic characteristics of the system through a case study. The results showed that the MPC control method had the best temperature following characteristics in the case study, and the temperature deviation range was reduced by approximately 5% compared to the PI control method.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.283-287
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• 2014

본 연구는 다양한 사료들을 유지수준에서 섭취한 한우 암소 경산우의 에너지 대사 시험의 결과로 부터 섭취에너지 균형과 메탄배출계수를 구하였다. 오차드그라스(orchard grass) 위주의 혼합목건초 섭취 7두, 혼합목건초의 30~50% 를 볏짚으로 대체한 12두, 혼합목건초와 볏짚에 밀기울 (wheat bran) 1 kg 추가급여한 6두, 총 25 개체의 대사실험 성적을 분석하였다. 실험축은 10일간 대사틀에서 개체별로 각각의 실험사료 적응 및 7일간 분 뇨 시료채취 후, indirect respiratory chamber 1대에 교대로 수용되어 1일간 호흡대사 실험이 이루어졌다. 혼합목건초 단독 급여구와 비교하여 나머지 두 처리구의 평균 건물섭취량은 약 11%, 15% 높았으나 통계적인 유의성은 없었고, gross energy (GE) 섭취량도 차이가 없었다. 총 섭취에너지 중 메탄으로 손실된 에너지 비율인 메탄전변율(methane conversion rate, Ym)과 메탄배출계수(emission factor, kg/head/year)도 각각 0.055~0.062 (평균 0.058)와 33.6~38.6(평균 35.2) 범위로 처리간 유의성이 없었다. 본 실험에서는 혼합목건초를 볏짚으로 대체하거나 또는 밀기울 추가급여에 의한 메탄발생량 차이가 없었으나, 메탄발생량을 줄일 수 있는 것으로 알려진 양질 조사료 급여효과 연구는 축산현장의 온실가스 감축 사업 참여가 가능한 분야이기 때문에 추가 연구들을 통해 시급히 증명되어져야 된다고 판단된다.

• 유기물자원화
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.37-48
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• 2024

하수처리장은 공공부문 온실가스 목표 관리제 대상 시설로 탄소 배출량 감축이 시급하다. 하지만 최근 하수도 통계에 의하면 하수처리량에 대한 CO₂ 배출량은 2020년 대비 3.03 % 감소하였으며 이는 국가 온실가스 감축목표(NDC)를 충족하기에는 상당히 부족한 수치이다. 생물반응조에서 발생하는 직접 배출 온실가스와 하수처리과정에서 이용되는 에너지로 인한 간접배출 온실가스 두 가지를 모두 고려한 총 CFP (Carbon Footprint)를 최소화하는 생물반응조 운전 조건을 찾기 위해 EQPS라는 시뮬레이션 프로그램을 이용하여 연구를 수행하였다. 4-stage BNR 공법 하수처리장 생물반응조 내부반송율을 유입 수량의 100 %로 설정했을 때 총 CFP가 설계 운전 조건 대비 약 10.97 % 감소함을 확인하였다. 또한 대상 처리장의 N₂O EF(Emission Factor)를 계산한 결과 0.138~0.199 %로 IPCC에서 제시한 기본값 1.6 %보다 낮은 값임을 파악하였다. 본 연구는 생물반응조 운전 조건 최적화를 통해 하수처리시설의 총 CFP를 최소화하는 방안을 제시하며, N₂O 배출 감소를 위한 추가 연구의 필요성을 강조하고 있다.

• 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전기학회 2000년도 학술대회 논문집 전문대학교육위원
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• pp.35-39
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• 2000

$ZnIn_2S_4$ and $ZnGaInS_4:Er^{3+}$ single crystals crystallized in the rhombohedral (hexagonal) space group $C_{3v}^5(R3m)$, with lattice constants $a=3.852{\AA},\;c=37.215{\AA}$ for $ZnIn_2S_4$, and $a=3.823{\AA}$, and $c=35.975{\AA}$ for $ZnIn_2S_4:Er^{3+}$. The optical absorption measured near the fundamental band edge showed that the optical energy band structure of there compounds had a direct and indirect band gap, the direct and indirect energy gaps are found to be 2.778 and 2.682 eV for $ZnIn_2S_4$, and 2.725 and 2.651eV for $ZnIn_2S_4:Er^{3+}$ at 293 K. The photoluminescence spectra of $ZnIn_2S_4:Er^{3+}$ measured in the wavelength ranges of $500nm{\sim}900nm$ at 10 K. Eight sharp emission peaks due to $Er^{3+}$ ion are observed in the regions of $549.5{\sim}550.0nm,\;661.3{\sim}676.5nm$, and $811.1{\sim}834.1nm$, and $1528.2{\sim}1556.0nm$ in $CdGaInS_4:Er^{3+}$ single crystal. These PL peaks were attributed to the radiative transitions between the split electron energy levels of the $Er^{3+}$ ions occupied at $C_{2v}$, symmetry of the $ZnIn_2S_4$ single crystals host lattice.