• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.3-11
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• 1997

In becoming parents, the marital partners enter into a new developmental phase. The conception of the child is an act of mutual creativity during which the boundaries between the self and another were temporarily obliterated more completely than at any time since infancy. The infant is a physical fusion of the parents, and their personalities unite within the child. for many women, creativity as a mother becomes a central matter that provides meaning and balance to their lives. The husband usually has strong desires for an offspring and can be transformed by it. The child can profoundly affect one or both parents, and the influences are reciprocal-a child's needs or specific difficulties uncover a parent's inadequacy. following the child's development, each transition into a new developmental phase requires an adaptation by the parents, and one or another of these required adaptations may disturb a parent's equilibirium. And the personality changes, emotional difficulties, and regressions of a spouse that occur in response to some phase of parenthood can upset the marriage. Not only do children identify with parents, but parents also identify with their children. The parents take pleasure in child's joy and suffer with the child's pain more than in almost any other relationship. certain respects e parents lives again in the child. Through the process of identification the child can also provide one of the two parents with the opportunity to experience intimately the way in which a person of the opposite gender grows up. Parenthood also provides the opportunity to be loved, admired, and needed simply because one is a parent and, as such, a central and necessary object in the young child's life. The many potentialities for emotional satisfactions from parenthood manage to outweigh the tribulations and sacrifices that are required. The child also exerts an indirect effect through changing the parent's position in the society, for new sets of relationships are established as the parents are drawn to other couples with children of the same age, and for a new impetus toward economic and social mobility often possesses the parents. frequently the couple's relatedness to their own parents improves and grows firmer once again. Parenthood, the satisfactions it provides and the demands it makes, varies as life progresses : and changes with the parent's interests, needs, and age as well as with the children's maturation. There are phases in the child's life that the parents are reluctant to have pass, whereas they tolerate others largely through knowing that they will soon be over. The changing lives of the children provide many satisfactions that offset the tribulations, uncertainties, and regrets. The parents change. The young father, who was just starting on his carrier whom the first child was born, settles into a life pattern. He becomes secure with increasing achievement and interacts differently with the youngest child and provides a different model for him than for the oldest. The mother may have less time for a second or third child than for her first, but she may also be more assured in her handling of them. The birth of a baby when the parents art in their late thirties will find them Less capable of physical exertion with the child and less tolerant of annoyances, but they are less apt to be annoyed. Eventually the children min and leave home, but the couple do not cease to be parents.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.8 no.5
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• pp.652-657
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• 2003

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of the gender, obesity rate, nutrition knowledge and dietary attitude on the dietary self-efficacy of adolescents. The subjects were 1,022 (518 male, 504 female), aged 13-17 years living in Busan, Masan, Jinju and Jinhae city. This survey was conducted from April 8 to April 22,2002 by questionnaires and data were analyzed by SPSS program. The results are summarized as follows. Nutrition knowledge scores and dietary self-efficacy scores of the females were higher than those of the males. The higher the nutrition knowledge and dietary attitude scores, the higher dietary self-efficacy. Dietary attitude has direct effects on dietary self-efficacy and obesity rate has in-direct effects which was mediated by nutrition knowledge. Gender and nutrition knowledge have direct effects and indirect effects which were mediated by dietary attitude. Dietary attitude showed the greatest total causal effect in relation to dietary self-efficacy.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.59 no.1
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• pp.9-14
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• 1983

The study was performed to decide the returns or investment efficiency of the fuel forest established project and to examine its economic value as compared the benefit with the cost occurring from that established by I.B.R.D loan. The data got from the surveying plot and other things connected with the project were applied to the measures of benefit-cost ratio and internal rate of return (IRR). The following are the results from the economic analysis of the fuel forest created by the loan per hectare 1) In case of converting the fuelwood value from the fuel forest into briquet price, the benefit-cost ratio is 1.18 at the 6 percent discount rate and the IRR is appraised to 12.2 percent 2) In the sensitivity analysis estimated by the rising rate of rural wages 27% the yearly mean, the B/C ratio is 1.07 at the 6 percent discount rate and the IRR 9.2 percent. 3) In the sensitivity analysis estimated by the rising rate of briquet price, 26% the yearly mean, the B/C ratio is 1.34 at the 6 percent discount rate and the IRR is appraised high to 15.7 percent 4) In the event of including indirect effects to the direct in the project, the economic effect could be increased just a little more.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.297-303
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• 2011

The contents of capsaicinoid, free sugars and organic acids of six varieties of Korean hot pepper, Supermanita, Dokyacheongcheong, Shinseokyeoi, Wangdaebak, Hanbando, and Chungyang, were measured. The sensory evaluations of its extracts were compared in order to investigate the indirect effect or reaction of the composition of taste components on sensory acceptability of Korean hot pepper. The contents of capsaicinoid were considerably from $37.8mg{\cdot}100g^{-1}$ to $164.1mg{\cdot}100g^{-1}$, and the contents of free sugars were from 9.3% to 18.2%, and the contents of organic acids were from 8.1% to 14.7% in Korean hot peppers. Although the pungent sensory evaluation of water extract of pepper powder was completely accordant with instrumental analysis result of capsaicinoid contents, they did not show a significant relationship to the sensory of taste. Multiple regression with capsaicinoid (CAP), total sugars (TS) and total organic acid (TOA) contents increased the correlation coefficient for sensory of taste to r = 0.927 and the coefficient of determination for them to $R^2=0.906$. However, we suggest the more efficient function for it which is composed of two independent variables only. As the result, a regression equation of Y = 0.69 X + 0.11 with $R^2=0.884$ was obtained for quantitative analysis of sensory evaluation of pepper taste by two factors between capsaicinoid and total free sugar.

• Journal of rehabilitation welfare engineering & assistive technology
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.59-66
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• 2013

This study rehabilitation assistive technology system for people with disabilities employed by a company in the field of occupations and job satisfaction have adapted to, and for the rehabilitation assistive technology support(rehabilitation assistive technology hardware and the software) and service quality based on the quality of convenient for employees to work life by analyzing the factors that can act on adaptation employees on behavioral intentions was to determine the overall impact. Seoul, Gyeonggi, Incheon companies based in vocational education and training received in the employment of the disabled subject questionnaires were distributed, and finally 594 valid questionnaires were minor. In order to test the hypothesis SEM(structural equation model) were used, the results of this study can be summarized as follows. First, rehabilitation assistive technology hardware quality of the quality of rehabilitation assistive technology software affected. Second, rehabilitation assistive technology software quality on the quality of the service quality affected. Third, rehabilitation assistive technology hardware quality on the quality of the service quality affected. Fourth, quality of service, the quality of the adaptation of action for employees affected also. Fifth, rehabilitation assistive technology software for adaptive quality of the employees also had an impact on behavior. Sixth, rehabilitation assistive technology hardware to adapt the quality of the employees affected. And parameters (quality of service quality) influenced to as indirect effects. The results of this study support the rehabilitation assistive technology and rehabilitation assistive technology hardware and software) based, quality of service and quality of fused form acceptable to, the degree of action for employees to adapt more implications that may affect have provided.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.61 no.1
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• pp.5-32
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of organizational culture types (rational culture, developmental culture, group culture, and hierarchical culture) on Community-Centered Social Inclusion Orientation(COSI) among social service organizations for people with disabilities. More specifically, this study developed and empirically tested two theoretical models where each of organizational culture types were hypothesized to affect COSI either directly or indirectly through market orientation. For data collection, self-administered type questionnaires were mailed to 416 social service organizations for people with disabilities across the nation and 293 responded (response rate: 70.4%) from June 1 to September 22, 2006. For analysis, however, only 263 respondents were used, excluding Independent living centers due to their small size and short history. Structural Equation Modeling was employed for analysis and Full Information Maximum Likelihood was used for estimation. Findings indicated that market orientation had a significant effect on COSI. In addition, developmental culture and hierarchical culture were found to affect COSI directly while rational culture and group culture were found to affect COSI indirectly through market orientation. These findings imply that market orientation needs to be emphasized as a strategy in order to enhance social inclusion orientation for those organizations. Given that all the four types of organizational culture have direct or indirect impacts on COSI, those organizations are also advised to develop the four types of organizational culture harmoniously rather than one single type of organizational culture.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.281-287
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• 2017

Stress in skin plays a significant role in both the direct/indirect regulation of cellular processes occurring in hair, which in turn affect the hair cycle. However, experimental data regarding the effects of stress-related corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) released by stress on the apoptotic process involved in hair is limited. Therefore, we investigated the acceleration of early-stage apoptosis induced by atopy-related stress using a 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene NC/Nga mice model. Expression of CRF, its related proteins, annexin V, and mitochondrial dysfunction were measured by immunohistochemical analyses. Atopic stress strongly stimulated stress hormones response, such as CRF and adrenocorticotropic hormone, in outer epithelial sheath of the hair. Moreover, its stress induced mitochondrial damage and early-stage apoptosis of cells in hair root. These findings suggest that hair damage due to apoptosis in atopy model is accelerated in a high CRF environment. Importantly, the effect of stress-related CRF on apoptosis processes involved in atopy dermatitis-related hair loss, suggests that the CRF-regulating development or maintenance materials may provide effective therapeutic strategies for hair health.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.29 no.7
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• pp.579-585
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• 2008

The time-dependent evolution of disk mass for outburst limit cycle in a black hole microquasar is calculated based on the non-linear hydrodynamic model of thermally unstable accretion disk. The physical parameters such as black hole mass, disk size and mass transfer rate are adopted to reproduce the historical 1975 outburst observed in a prototype black hole X-ray nova A0620-00. The time-dependent effect of irradiation from the central hot region to the disk is considered in two ways: direct irradiation and indirect irradiation reflected from hot accretion flow above the disk. The accretion disk thermal instability model can account for the bolometric luminosity appropriate to typical characteristics of system luminosity observed in X-ray transients during the whole cycle of the outburst evolution. The maximum mass of the accretion disk, ${\sim}4.03{\times}10^{24}g$, is achieved at the ignition of an outburst, and the minimum value, ${\sim}8.54{\times}10^{23}g$, is reached during the cooling decay to quiescence. The disk mass varies ${\sim}5$ times during outburst limit cycle.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.175-196
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• 2014

This paper is a theoretical attempt to analyze and understand Yeonjulmang and Yeongyeolmang, which are terms for social networks with negative and positive connotation respectively in Korean Sociology. To do that, we analyze a social network where unilateral help are reciprocated. A social network in this context is a network where the past behaviors of its members are transmitted. With the information how the members behaved before, a social norm can emerge in the network, which facilitate the indirect reciprocation of unilateral help. In this norm, an agent's helping now will be rewarded by his being helped in the future. Since the reward happens in the future, this norm may not be sustained even if it is efficient. To sustain the reciprocation of the help, a norm can evolve to punish the violation of the norm more severely. If the punishment becomes too severe, the reciprocation of the help can be sustained even if it is not efficient any more in that the cost of help exceeds the benefit. If we allow the exit of the network, members have incentive to do it as belonging to the network is not beneficial any more. Then the social network may collapse. To avoid the collapse of the network, the exclusive norm, which exclude even mutually beneficial relationship with outsiders, may emerge. This can explain the emergence of Yeonjulmang, or a closed network, which is inefficient in double senses; 1) it may sustain inefficient reciprocation of help, and 2) the mutually beneficial relationship is excluded between an insider and an outsider of the network.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.1288-1294
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• 1997

For screening antimutagenic effects, the effects of 95 medicinal plants on the mutagenicity of aflatoxin $B_1$ $(AFB_1)$ and benzo(a)pyrene [B(a)P] were investigated using the SOS chromotest with Escherichia coli PQ37. The mutagenicity induced by $AFB_1$ or B(a)P was reduced over 26% by 2 kinds and 8 kinds of medicinal plant, respectively. Eight plants (Bupleurum falcatum, Corydalis ternata, Gasfrodia elata, Ostericum koreanum, Pinellia ternatia, Poncirus trifoliata, Prunus armeniaca and Rehmannia glutinosa) were also shown to have inhibitory effects on both $AFB_1$ and B(a)P. The mutagenicity induced by $AFB_1$ or B(a)P was increased over 20% by 46 kinds and 2 kinds, respectively, and 8 medicinal plants (Chrysanthemum indicum, Cinnamomum cassia, Cyperus rotundus, Morus bombycis, Patrinia scabiosaefolia, Petasites japonicus, Polygonum multiflorium, Thyja orientalis) increased significantly the mutagenicity of both mutagens. However the 8 plants themself did not show the mutagenicity in SOS Chromotest with S-9 mix alone. This result suggests that the above 8 plants may have the co-mutagenic activities. In two bacterial mutation system, SOS Chromotest and Ames test, the mutagenic or antimutagenic activities of some medicinal plants wire similar except Ostricum koreanum, Eugenia caryophyllata and Scutellaria baicalensis.