• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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• 2005.05a
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• pp.515-518
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• 2005

A concrete is easy to happen crack. So it requires crack-repair work to solve quality deteriorations of a building because of cracks. When crack is filled with crack-repair materials, it is difficult to find out how depth it was injected. So in this study we evaluated the injection depth with using indirect and oblique methods, ultrasonic pulse measurement method of NDT. The results of this study showed that both methods are possible to evalute penetration depth of crack-repair materials and indirect methods is thought to be more useful one than obliqure one.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.14 no.10
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• pp.15-27
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• 1997

Quasti-static cutting force variations in milling process are measured indirectly using spindle motor current. Quasi-static sensitivity of the spindle motor current is higher than that of the feed motor current. Magnitude of the spindle motor current is independent of cutting direction. The linear relationship between the cutting force and the spimdle motor RMS current at various spindle rotational speed is obtained. Frequency/ Voltage(F/V) converter voltage is measured to identify the spindle speed and to determine the cutting force at various spindle speeds. Overload on the tool during milling process can be detected using the proposed indirect cutting force measurement. Based on these measurements, cutting force is regulated at a constant level by feedrate control.

• Journal of Agricultural Extension & Community Development
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.125-134
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• 2020

The regional centrality plays a very important role in national and regional planning and it is measured by data such as people, goods, and information flows among regions. The inter-regional flows are usually considered by only direct flows, yet indirect flows, which are generated accordingly from direct flows, are not critically considered. Most centrality studies have also hardly reflected the indirect flow in the network analysis. This study demonstrates the significance of the indirect flows to enhance accuracy of the regional centrality. The nationwide dataset of inter-regional commuter traffic matrix is used in this study and analysed into two groups; one to consider only direct flow and the other both direct and indirect flows. The results indicate remarkable differences of centrality raking between two groups such as Yeongam of Jeonnam Province(+60th), Eumseong of Chungbuk Province(+57th), Gwacheon of Gyeonggi Province (-35th), and Nowon of Seoul (-32nd). It clearly shows the significant influence of indirect flow for regional centrality study. This also reveals regional centrality ranking in Korea by considering direct and indirect flows of commuters. Jung, Gangnam, and Jongno of Seoul are categorized in the highest rank group and Ulleung of Gyeongbuk, Ongjin of Incheon, and Jindo of Jeonnam are in the lowest group. The top group includes seven districts of Seoul, two of Busan, and one of Gyeonggi Province. The bottom group includes mostly island and costal areas. As this study shows an accurate method of centrality measurement, it has a significant implication to lead an effective regional planning.

• Journal of Technologic Dentistry
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.23-29
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to evaluate possibility of using indirect composite resin instead of porcelain through the measurement of shear bond strength between zirconia core and indirect composite resin under treatment of $Rocatec^{TM}$ system for improving the adhesion of indirect composite resin. 20 cylindrical zirconia core specimens were divided into 2 groups, according to zirconia surface treatment and attached materials: 1) treated with sandblast and attached with indirect composite resin, 2) treated with sandblast + $Rocatec^{TM}$ system and attached with indirect composite resin. The shear bond strength of each experimental group was measured by MTS and the changes of zirconia core surface according to surface treatments were obtained by SEM observation and measurements of surface roughness. The mean shear bond strength values are $0.55\;{\pm}\;0.11MPa$(Group SC) and $1.16\;{\pm}\;0.46MPa$(Group SRC). The mean Ra values for the surface treatments were follows: $0.39\;{\pm}\;0.13$($100{\beta}_{{\mu}m}$ sandblast) and $0.50\;{\pm}\;0.03$($100{\beta}_{{\mu}m}$ sandblast + $Rocatec^{TM}$ system). In the analysis of EDS, Si element was detected in the Group SC. The shear bond strength between zirconia core and indirect composite resin was improved significantly by using $Rocatec^{TM}$ system.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.133-145
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• 1996

This paper presents an indirect cutting force measuring system, which uses the current signals from the AC servo drive units of the horizontal machining center, with its applications to the adaptive regulation of the cutting forces in various milling processes and to the on-line monitoring of tool breakage. A typical model for the feed-drive control system of a horizontal machining center is developed to analyze cutting force measurement from the drive motor. The pulsating milling forces can be measured indirectly within the bandwidth of the current feedback control loop of the feed-drive system. It is shown that the indirectly measured cutting force signals can be used in the adaptive controller for cutting force regulation. The whole scheme has been embedded in the commercial machining center and a series of cutting experiments on the face cutting processes are performed. The adaptive controller reveals reliable cutting force regulating capability against the various cutting conditions. It is also shown that the tool breakage in milling can be detected within one spindle revolution by adaptively filtering the current signals. The effect of the cutter run-out has been considered for the reliable on-line detection of tool breakage.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.314-324
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• 2006

Statement of problem. Osseointegration is important mechanism of dental implant but it is not easy to evaluate. Indirect measurement is non-invasive and clinically applicable but they need more study about correlation between indirect values and degree of osseointegration. Purpose. The aims of this study were to evaluate the coefficient of correlation between indirect measurement and direct measurement under different healing time, and assessment of effect of initial insertion torque to the implant stability. Material and Methods. 20 rabbits received 3 implants on each side of tibia. Three kinds of implants (machined surface implant, Sandblasted with Large grit and Acid etched implant, Resorbable Blast Media treated implant) were used. During the surgery implant insertion torque were measured with $Osseocare^{TM}$. After the 1, 4, 8, 12 weeks of healing time, animals were sacrificed and stability values (Implant Stability Quotient with $Osstell^{TM}$, removal torque with torque gauge) were measured. Results. The Bone quality of rabbit tibia was classified into 2 groups according to the insertion torque. Resonance frequency analysis (ISQ) and removal torque showed positive correlation until $4^{th}$ week (r=0.555, p=0.040). After $8^{th}$ week (r=0.011, p=0.970) the correlation became weak and it turned negative at $12^{th}$ week (r=-0.074, p=0.801). Insertion torque and ISQ showed changing correlation upon the healing time ($1^{st}$ week: r=0.301, p=0.033, $4^{th}$ week: r=-0.429, p=0.018, $8^{th}$ week: r=0.032, p=0.865, $12^{th}$ week: r=-0.398, p=0.029). Insertion torque and removal torque has positive correlation but it was not statistically significant ($1^{st}$ week: r=0.410, p=0.129, $4^{th}$ week: r=0.156, p=0.578, $8^{th}$ week: r=0.236, p=0.398, $12^{th}$ week: r=0.260, p=0.350). Conclusion. In this study, bone quality may affect the degree of osseointegration positively during healing time and correlation between ISQ and degree of osseointegration can be different according to the healing time and bone quality.

• Progress in Superconductivity and Cryogenics
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.16-20
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• 2010

For large scale power applications of HTS conductor, it is getting more important to have a stacked HTS coated conductor with low loss and large current capacity. But it was not easy to measure some electric properties. Stabilizer free YBCO CC for striated/ stacked conductors is easily burned out during the measurement of the critical current density because it has no stabilizer and it is difficult to set-up the current lead and voltage taps because it has many pieces of YBCO CC in a conductor. Instead of direct measuring the critical current of a stacked HTS coated conductor, indirect estimation from measuring a magnetization loss of HTS coated conductor could be useful for practical estimation of the critical current. The magnetization loss of a superconductor is supposed to be affected by a full penetrating magnetic field, and it tends to show an inflection point at the full penetrating magnetic field when we generate the graph of magnetization loss vs. external magnetic field. The full penetrating magnetic field depends on the shape of the conductor and its critical current density, so we can estimate the effective critical current density from measuring the magnetization loss. In this paper, to prove the effectiveness of this indirect estimation of the critical current, we prepared several different kinds of YBCO CC(coated conductor) including a stacked conductor short samples and measured the magnetization losses and the critical currents of each sample by using linked pick up coils and direct voltage measurement with transport current respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fashion and Beauty
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• v.4 no.1 s.7
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• pp.35-41
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• 2006

From 1995 to 2005 the information related to clothing and textiles publicized by 6 journals regarding Elder Women's body type was collected and analyzed. The results are as follows. 1. It has been investigated into the elder woman's body type since 1995, and this subject needs a detailed study. in audition, investigation into woman's body type has been studied parts of the body for clothing construction. 2. Analysis result for measure area preponderance(Seoul area and local metropolitan city) of area, measure subject number mainly to large scale group more than 300 people that measure is consisting most know can. 3. Where the way of measurement is concerned, there are direct measurements more than indirect measurements. In case of using just direct measurement, the study often mentions necessity of indirect measurements. Therefore it is thought simultaneous measurement is the most desirable. 4. A Body type characteristic of elder woman shows a size of every part diminishes as growing older. Owing mainly to obesity of waist and abdomen, they have a changed body a measure of around the abdomen is bigger than around the hips. hips drop and the upper half of the body down, and besides, feet are changed into the flat.

• Journal of the Korea Safety Management & Science
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.337-348
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• 2015

This research introduces the Financial Effect Measurement (FEM) models which measures both the improvement and the innovation performance of Quality Control Circle (QCC) and activities of Six Sigma. Concepts and principle of Comprehensive Income Statement (CIS), Balanced Scorecard (BSC), Time-Driven Activity Based-Costing (TDABC) and Total Productive Maintenance (TPM) are applied in order to develop the 4 FEM models presented in this paper. First of all, FEM using CIS depicts the improvement effects of production capacity and yield using relationships between demand and supply, and line balancing efficiency between bottleneck process and non-bottleneck processes. Secondly, cause-and-effect relation of Key Performance Indicator (KPI) is used to present Critical Success Factor (CSF) effects for QC Story 15 steps of QCC and DMAIC (Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, and Control) of Six Sigma. The next is FEM model for service management innovation activities that uses TDABC to calculate the time-driven effect for improving the indirect activities according to the cost object. Lastly, FEM model for TPM activities presents the interpretation of improvement effect model of TPM Capital Expenditure (CAPEX) and Operating Expenditure (OPEX) maintenance using profit, cash and Economic Added Value (EVA) as metrics of enterprise values. To better understand and further investigate FEMs, recent cases on National Quality Circle Contest are used to evaluate new financial effect measurement developed in this paper.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.19 no.10
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• pp.92-98
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• 2002

End mill is an essential tool to generate complex surface in workpiece and it has been developed with various materials and tool shapes. The most important factor to evaluate the performance of end mill is still the wear characteristics of flank face. In addition to the flank wear, the tool edge roughness generated by the chipping is another important factor in aspects of material property and machinability evaluation and affects the quality of machined surface. Up to now, there is no direct method for measurement of tool edge roughness. In this study, the tool edge roughness of flat end mill is indirectly measured along the axial direction of workpiece. The theoretical equation is derived in consideration of tool geometry. Finally, the optimal conditions to measure the tool edge roughness by the proposed method are presented through the theoretical review and experimental identification.