• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.525-538
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to provide information on obesity assessment for Koreans. Among total of 1012 research papers enlisted in the Korean J Community Nutrition form 1996 to 2011, 248 articles were examined in which subjects were divided into more than 2 groups by obesity rate. About the method of anthropometric data collection, more than half of the research papers examined 52.5% and 28.7% of studies utilized the directly measured data and self-described data, respectively. About the utilization of obesity assessment methods, indirect methods of weight-height index (BMI, BMI percentile, and R$\ddot{o}$hrer index) and PIBW (WLR, Broca index, and KDA) were 62.4% and 23.2%, respectably, and the direct method of percent body fat assessment was only 9.3%. The most frequently utilized methods were WLR in under primary and primary school children, and BMI in the middle and high school students and in adults. For primary school students, WLR was the most frequently utilized method up to 2007, but it changed to BMI percentile afterward. Broca Index was no longer utilized since 2008. There were no articles utilizing BMI percentile and R$\ddot{o}$hrer index for obesity assessment in adults. Criteria for obesity assessment were not consistent among research papers: for example, % body fat, 19~40%; BMI, 20~30; BMI percentile, 85th or 95th. In the case of PIBW, 120% of ideal weight was the most frequently utilized criterion for obesity. Based on these findings, we suggest that proper methods and criteria of obesity assessment for each age group should be determined and proclaimed.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.932-947
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to suggest directions for developing a Health Promotion Program for the elderly in Korea for the future. For this, twenty previously developed & implemented health promotion programs were reviewed and analyzed in terms of target population of the program, components of the program, measurement variables for effects of program, the effects of the program. The results were as follows. 1. Most of the target populations were older adults living independently in the community. 2. Components of the program were health education, health assessment and counseling and exercise program. - Health education was done in most of programs. The topics of health education that were often included in the programs were life style changes, medical knowledge, independent living, the concept of health promotion and changes related to aging. - In health assessment and counseling, health professionals discovered their health problems through health assessment or health risk appraisal. Then they developed health recommendations on each health problem and encouraged the elderly to implement the recommendations. 3. Variables measuring the direct effects of the program were health behavior, knowledge, attitude, skill, use of medical/health reference book. Variables measuring the indirect effects, biometric outcome, health status, functional status, medical service utilization, medical cost and wellbeing. 4. The analysis showed that health education was effective for changing health behaviors, improving knowledge, skill and attitude in the elderly. Those results were suggested to be used as guidelines for developing a health promotion program for the elderly in Korea for the future.

• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.189-205
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• 2013

Climate change is rapidly getting worse. In Korea, the average temperature has increased by $1.5^{\circ}C$ over the last 100 years. In terms of global warming, it causes regional climate change, extreme weather phenomena and change of cultivated area. moreover, Global Warming brings both direct and indirect damage to agricultural cultivation. Global warming was accelerated by the greenhouse gas emissions which is by industry. In addition, Greenhouse gas emissions are increasing. In agriculture Thus we need to figure out how to analyze and to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and its cause. This study assumes that it is the introduction of the bio-energy using compost to facility house and it analyzes that there is the difference between in the future in utilizing compost due to the introduction of bio-energy facility houses; Environmental effect and Environmental effect which are generally used. This research is a previous step for resource-circulating, farming, utilizing a variety of by-products of the agricultural sector as an environmental assessment studies for the future completion of resource-circulating agriculture.

• Journal of Community Nutrition
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.12-26
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• 2000

In Japan, a new nursing insurance system was enforced in April 2000, where premiums were paid according to the level of necessary care. Our project, Nutrition Care and Management(NCM) for the elderly was started in 1995, funded by the Ministry of Health and Welfare of Japan. The NCM project was to provide appropriate nutrition care for the elderly and to see that it effectively functions as part of the health care services. There were 4 stages to the project : the first stage was to find out the PEM status among the elderly patients in hospital and home-care settings in Japan. The 2nd stage was to develop and evaluate nutritional assessment methods, anthropometry, resting energy expenditure measuring methods using of portable indirect calorimeter, and the convenient protein energy intake assessment methods, etc. for the elderly patients with PEM risk. The 3rd stage was to examine the effectiveness of the nutrition care plan induced of protein energy supplement and team care in improving nutrition among the elderly patients. The last stage was to develop the NCM set for the elderly patient based on the past three years of scientific evidence. it is expected that the NCM system for the elderly will provide adequate nutritional care management, improve the elderly care environment and create effective resource management.

• 한국지진공학회논문집
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.329-339
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• 2019

The strategy for the management of earthquakes is shifting from post recovery to prevention; therefore, seismic performance management requires quantitative predictions of damage and the establishment of strategies for initial responses to earthquakes. Currently, seismic performance evaluation for seismic management in Korea consists of two stages: preliminary evaluation and detailed evaluation. Also, the priority of seismic performance management is determined in accordance with the preliminary evaluation. As a deterministic method, preliminary evaluation quantifies the physical condition and socio-economic importance of a facility by various predetermined indices, and the priority is decided by the relative value of the indices; however, with the deterministic method it is difficult to consider any uncertainty related to the return-year, epicenter, and propagation of seismic energy. Also this method cannot support tasks such as quantitative socio-economic damage and the provision of data for initial responses to earthquakes. Moreover, indirect damage is often greater than direct damage; therefore, a method to quantify damage is needed to enhance accuracy. In this paper, a Seismic Risk Assessment is used to quantify the cost of damage of road facilities in Pohang city and to support decision making.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제46권6호
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• pp.570-574
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• 2013

This study was conducted to assess $N_2O$ emissions in agricultural soils of Korea under the 1996 IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) methodology. $N_2O$ emissions in agricultural soils were calculated the sum of direct emission and indirect emission by the N sources and emissions by field burning of crop residues. $N_2O$ emission was highest in animal manure as 1,547 $CO_2$-eq Gg. Indirect emissions by atmospheric deposition and leaching and runoff were 1,463 and 1,753 $CO_2$-eq Gg, respectively. $N_2O$ emission by field burning of crop residues was highest in pepper due to the residue/crop ratio and field burning ratio.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.375-385
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• 2009

The estimation of delivery ratio is a essential part of Korean Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDL) procedure which needs a number of observed stream flow and pollutants data. If observed data were not sufficient, researchers have to find other alternatives. One of them is to make indirect data by using watershed models, such as Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) and Hydrological Simulation Program - FORTRAN (HSPF) and so on. In this study, indirect daily data was made by using SWAT model. To build the Byongseong-SWAT model accurately, crop cultures are reflected by handling the MGT.file in SWAT model. Especially, mass of manure and schedule of crop culture are inputted through investigating domestic research papers as well as fieldwork. After calibrating SWAT model in comparison with the 22-years flow and pollutants observed outlet data, the delivery ratio of Byongseong watershed is calculated by using daily simulated data during 2004-2007. Empirical equations for delivery ratio through multi-regression analysis are developed by using meteorological and physical factors such as flow, watershed area, stream length, catchment slope, curve number (CN) and subbasin's pollutant discharge loads.

• 보건의료산업학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.105-116
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• 2016

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to explore diverse factors of patients with periodontal diseases, make comprehensive and pluralistic assessment of relevant factors, construct a hypothetical model, including direct and indirect paths, and test goodness-of-fit of the model. Methods : TRaw data were used from the sixth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey for the first and second years which was conducted from January 2013 to December 2014. Excluding current patients with cancer which could severely affect the quality of life among patients with periodontal diseases who were between 40 and 64 years of age, a total of 1,555 patients were included and finally analyzed in this study. Results : Among the factors affecting the quality of life, health perception had total effects through direct effects and functions had indirect and total effects through the channel of health perception. Conclusions : In oral health programs for the middle-aged, it is necessary to have preventive interventions in oral health; in particular, it is necessary to provide intervention programs that can improve health perception and relieve functional restrictions.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.296-300
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• 2006

시유, 분유, 발효유에 존재하는 우유알레르겐인 ${\beta}$-Lactoglobulin (BLG)를 측정하기 위해 면역 blotting 및 간접결합면역 분석법(Competitive-indirect Enzyme linked Immunosorbent Assay; Ci-ELISA)으로 분석하였다. Immunoblotting 결과, 발효유에서는 우유 알레르기 환자의 IgE와의 반응이 나타나지 않았고 분유 및 시유에서는 약하지만 반응이 나타났다. 다클론 항체 및 우유 알레르기 환자의 IgE로 이들의 BLG 함량을 정량한 결과, BLG 함량은 시유가 가장 높았으며 발효유는 매우 낮았다. 이상의 결과에서 발효유에서는 가장 낮은 BLG 함량이 측정되어 우유 알레르기 환자에 대한 저알레르기원성 식품으로 사용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.117-134
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• 2008

An experimental and numerical research was conducted to gain a deeper insight on the structural behaviour of deep-beams with indirect supports and to assess the size effects in the ultimate state behaviour. The experimental campaign focused on the influence of the reinforcement tie distribution height on the compression check of the support region and on the benefits of using unbonded prestressing steel. Three reduced scale specimens were tested and used to validate the results obtained with a nonlinear finite element model. As a good agreement could be found between the numerical and the experimental results, the numerical model was then further used to perform simulations in large scale deep-beams, with dimensions similar to the ones to be adopted in a practical case. Two sources of size effects were identified from the simulation results. Both sources are related to the concrete quasi-brittle behaviour and are responsible for increasing failure brittleness with increasing structural size. While in the laboratory models failure occurred both in the experimental tests as well as in the numerical simulations after reinforcement yielding, the numerically analysed large scale models exhibited shear failures with reinforcement still operating in the elastic range.