• 대한환경공학회지
• /
• 제34권7호
• /
• pp.445-453
• /
• 2012

본 연구에서는 PAHs 오염토양의 자연 풍화 및 화학적 생물학적 처리과정에서 반응부산물로 흔히 발견되는 PAH-케톤화합물인 1-indanon (1-ID)을 대상으로 페놀계 반응매개체 존재 하에서의 망간산화물에 의한 산화 변환 제거특성 및 용존 자연유기물인 휴믹산(HA)의 존재에 따른 영향을 조사하였다. 반응성 평가 실험은 수용액 상에서 회분식(10 mg/L 1-ID, 0.3 mM phenolic mediators, $1.0g/L\;{\delta}-MnO_2$, at pH 5)으로 수행 하였으며, 페놀계의 반응매개체(phenolic mediator)는 자연산 페놀화합물로서 휴믹물질의 모델 화합물로서도 널리 사용되고 있는 11종을 사용하였다. 실험결과 1-ID은 망간산화물 자체에 대하여는 비반응성을 띠었으나 페놀계 반응매개체 존재 하에서 교차-결합(cross-coupling)반응을 통해 제거됨을 HPLC 분석을 통해 확인하였으며, 1-ID의 제거율은 반응 2일 경과 후 9.2~71.2%범위에서 페놀계 반응매개체의 구조적 특성에 따라 다르게 나타났다. 각 반응매개체 존재 하에서의 1-ID의 교차결합 반응은 유사1차 반응 속도식을 따랐으며, 초기 반응속도 상수 값($K_{int}$, $hr^{-1}$)은 0.48~15.0의 넓은 범위에서 나타났다. 1-ID의 제거효율(제거율, 속도상수)은 -OH, $-OCH_3$ 등 전자주게(electron donating) 작용기를 포함하는 반응매개체에서 높았으며, -COOH, -CHO 등 전자받게(electron withdrowing) 작용기를 포함하는 반응매개체일수록 낮았다. 또한 동일 반응 조건에서 HA 존재에 따른 영향을 검토한 결과 낮은 HA 농도(< 2 mg/L) 조건에서는 1-ID 제거효율의 상승효과를 보였으나 전체적으로는 HA 주입 농도가 증가할수록 교차 결합 반응효율이 저하됨을 확인하였다.

• 대한환경공학회지
• /
• 제27권3호
• /
• pp.273-279
• /
• 2005

본 연구에서는 초임계수 중에서 o-chlorophenol(o-CP)의 분해 및 중간 생성물 형성에 미치는 NaOH의 효과를 검토하였다. NaOH를 첨가하지 않은 경우 o-CP의 분해율은 20% 이하로 낮았으나 NaOH를 o-CP의 몰 농도에 대하여 200% 이상 첨가한 경우 체류 시간 1초 이내에 100% 가까운 분해율을 얻을 수 있었다. 분해 과정에서 생성되는 PAHs 및 페놀 화합물의 양도 크게 감소하는 경향을 나타내어 NaOH 첨가가 부산물 생성 억제에도 효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다. NaOH를 첨가하지 않은 경우와 첨가한 경우 공통적으로 페놀, 크레졸, 염화 페놀류, PAHs 및 1-indanone, dibenzofuran, dibenzo-dioxin, p,p'-dihydroxybiphenyl 등과 같이 2개 이상의 벤젠 고리가 산소로 연결된 화합물이 검출되었다. 반면에 NaOH를 첨가한 경우에는 2-ethylphenol, o-hydroxyacetophenone, hydroquinone, 4-allylphenol, 3-phenoxyphenol 및 4,4'-oxybisphenol이 생성되어 NaOH 첨가로 인한 o-CP의 분해는 훨씬 더 복잡한 과정을 통해서 이루어지는 것으로 판단되었다. 또한 페놀의 소각 과정에서 생성되는 것으로 보고된 화합물인 dibenzofuran, dibenzo-p-dioxin 등도 본 연구에서도 생성된 것으로부터 소각과 초임계수에 의한 열분해 사이에는 상관성이 있는 것으로 판단되었다.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• 제3권3호
• /
• pp.119-122
• /
• 1982

Rigid ${\alpha}$-oximino ketones containing two functional groups such as 2-oximino-1-acenaphthenone and 2-oximino-1-indanone were synthesized and the simultaneous reduction of the two functional groups of ${\alpha}$-oximino ketones by $LiAlH_4$ gave the corresponding amino alcohols, 2-amino-1-acenaphthenol and 2-amino-1-indanol. The yields of the reduction products of the ${\alpha}$ -oximino ketones remarkably increased, as the increase of molar ratio of hydride used to the reactant. The use of 24 moles of $LiAlH_4$ was found to afford the best result in the reduction of the rigid ${\alpha}$-oximino ketones to the corresponding amino alcohols. The yields was not affected by the variation of solvents such as ether, THF and diglyme.

• 약학회지
• /
• 제52권1호
• /
• pp.20-26
• /
• 2008

2-Aminothiazole ring as a bioisoster of catechol in dopamine has provided with good oral availability and lipophilic property. Selenium was reported to have an improved antioxidant ability and to reduce the loss of dopamine. 2-Aminoindan, is a rigid form of dopamine, was evaluated as a dopamine agonist with low neurotoxocity. In order to develop a novel dopamine agonist, we tried to synthesize the selenazoloaminoindan derivative that is a hybrid structure of aminoindan and aminoselenazole instead of aminothiazole. 2-Indanone-2-oxime was reduced with $TiCl_4$ and $NaBH_4$ to form 2-aminoindan, which was reacted with propionyl chloride to give 2-N-n-propionylaminoindan (2). Compound 2 was reduced with $TiCl_4$ and $NaBH_4$ to afford 2-N-n-propylaminoindan (3) and it was nitrated and reduced to form 5-amino-2-N-n-propylaminoindan (5), which was reacted with KSeCN, $Br_2$, and glacial acetic acid to give 4,6-dibromo-5- amino-2-N-n-propylaminoindan (7) instead of selenazole ring formation. Otherwise, compound 2 was nitrated and hydrogenated to form 5-amino-2-N-n-propionylaminoindan (9), which was treated with KSeCN, $Br_2$, and glacial acetic acid to give 4,6-dibromo-5-amino-2-N-n-propionylaminoindan (10). Compound 9 was cyc1ized with KSeCN and glacial acetic acid in the absence of $Br_2$ to give 6-amino-2-N-(n-propionylamino)selenazolo[4,5-f]indan (11).

• Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering
• /
• 제35권12호
• /
• pp.2496-2503
• /
• 2018

The short-term stability of high efficiency polymer : nonfullerene solar cells was investigated by employing a quick (ten cycles) current density-voltage (J-V) cycling method. Polymer : nonfullerene solar cells with initial power conversion efficiency (PCE) of >10% were fabricated using bulk heterojunction (BHJ) films of poly[(2,6-(4,8-bis(5-(2-ethylhexyl)thiophen-2-yl)-benzo[1,2-b:4,5b']dithiophene))-alt-(5,5-(1',3'-di-2-thienyl-5,7'-bis(2-ethylhexyl)benzo[1',2'-c:4',5'-c']dithiophene-4,8-dione))] (PBDB-T) and 3,9-bis(2-methylene-((3-(1,1-dicyanomethylene)-6/7-methyl)-indanone))-5,5,11,11-tetrakis(4-hexylphenyl)-dithieno[2,3-d:2',3'-d']-s-indaceno[1,2-b:5,6-b']dithiophene (IT-M). One set of the BHJ (PBDB-T : IT-M) films was thermally annealed at $160^{\circ}C$ for 30min, while another set was used without any thermal treatment after spin-coating. The quick J-V scan (cycling) measurement disclosed that the PCE decay was relatively slower for the annealed BHJ layers than the unannealed (as-cast) BHJ layers. As a result, after ten cycles, the annealed BHJ layers delivered higher PCE than the unannealed BHJ layers due to higher and more stable trend in fill factor. The present quick J-V cycling method is simple but expected to be useful for the prediction of short-term stability in organic solar cells.

• Current Photovoltaic Research
• /
• 제7권3호
• /
• pp.55-60
• /
• 2019

Polymer:nonfullerene solar cells with an inverted-type device structure were fabricated by employing the bulk heterojunction (BHJ) active layers, which are composed of poly[(2,6-(4,8-bis(5-(2-ethylhexyl)thiophene-2-yl)-benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene))-alt-(5,5-(1',3'-di-2-thienyl-5',7-bis(2-ethylhexyl)benzo[1',2'-c:4',5'-c']dithiophene-4,8-dione))] (PBDB-T) and 3,9-bis(6-methyl-2-methylene-(3-(1,1-dicyanomethylene)-indanone))-5,5,11,11-tetrakis(4-hexylphenyl)-dithieno[2,3-d:2',3-d']-s-indaceno[1,2-b:5,6-b']dithiophene (IT-M). The BHJ layers were formed on a pre-patterned indium-tin oxide (ITO)-coated glass substrate by spin-coating using the blend solutions of PBDB-T and IT-M. The solar cell performances were investigated with respect to the cell position on the ITO-glass substrates. In addition, the short-term shelf lifetime of solar cells was tested by storing the PBDB-T:IT-M solar cells in a glovebox filled with inert gas. The results showed that the performance of solar cells was relatively higher for the cells close to the center of substrates, which was maintained even after storage for 24 h. In particular, the PCE of PBDB-T:IT-M solar cells was marginally decreased after storage for 24 h owing to the slightly reduced fill factor, even though the open circuit voltage was unchanged after 24 h.

• Current Photovoltaic Research
• /
• 제8권4호
• /
• pp.107-113
• /
• 2020

Here we report the long-term stability of polymer:nonfullerene solar cells which were stored under dark and indoor light condition. The polymer:nonfullerene solar cells were fabricated using bulk heterojunction (BHJ) layers of poly[(2,6-(4,8-bis(5-(2-ethylhexyl) thiophen-2-yl)-benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene))-alt-(5,5-(1',3'-di-2-thienyl-5',7-bis(2-ethylhexyl)benzo[1',2'-c:4',5'-c']dithiophene-4,8-dione))] (PBDB-T) and 3,9-bis(6-methyl-2-methylene-(3-(1,1-dicyanomethylene)-indanone))-5,5,11,11-tetrakis(4-hexylphenyl)-dithieno[2,3-d:2',3-d']-s-indaceno[1,2-b:5,6-b']dithiophene (IT-M). To investigate their long-term stability, the PBDB-T:IT-M solar cells were stored in an argon-filled glove box. One set of the fabricated solar cells was completely covered with an aluminum foil to prevent any effect of light, whereas another set was exposed to indoor light. The solar cells were subjected to a regular performance measurement for 40 weeks. Results revealed that the PBDB-T:IT-M solar cells underwent a gradual decay in performance irrespective of the storage condition. However, the PBDB-T:IT-M solar cells stored under indoor light condition exhibited relatively lower power conversion efficiency (PCE) than those stored under the dark. The inferior stability of the solar cells under indoor light was explained by the noticeably changed optical absorption spectra and dark spot generation, indicative of degradations in the BHJ layers.