• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.294-300
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• 2001

Effect of bean water concentration and incubation time of Yukwa paste as well as packaging method on the quality of Yukwa was investigated. Quality loss in Yukwa during storage was dependent on the packaging method such as bamboo packaging at $30^{\circ}C$, nitrogen packaging at $30^{\circ}C$ and LDPE packaging at $-18^{\circ}C$. Peroxide value increased with bean water concentration, but showed no significant difference by incubation time. The hardness of Yukwa decreased with the increase of bean water concentration, incubation time, and storage time but showed no significant difference by packaging method. Sensory evaluation after storage for 3 months showed that Yukwa color was significantly influenced by packaging method and bean water concentration. The volume was also significantly influenced by bean water concentration and incubation time. Off-flavor showed significant difference by storage method. Tenderness, taste and overall desirability showed significant difference by bean water concentration. Crispness showed significant difference by storage method and bean water concentration.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.62 no.6
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• pp.922-932
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• 2020

Previous research has indicated that radish powder could be a suitable replacement for chemical nitrite sources in alternatively cured meat products. However, the effects of radish powder level on the physicochemical properties of cured meat have not been systematically studied. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of varying concentrations of radish powder and incubation time on the physicochemical properties and cured meat pigments of alternatively cured meat products. We divided our experimental setup into seven groups with different radish powder concentrations and incubation times: control (0.01% sodium nitrite), treatment 1 (0.15% radish powder and 2 h incubation), treatment 2 (0.15% radish powder and 4 h incubation), treatment 3 (0.30% radish powder and 2 h incubation), treatment 4 (0.30% radish powder and 4 h incubation), treatment 5 (0.30% celery powder and 2 h incubation), and treatment 6 (0.30% celery powder and 4 h incubation). The cooking yield, CIE a* values (redness), and total pigment levels were not significantly different (p > 0.05) between any of the alternatively cured treatments and the control. However, when 0.30% radish powder or celery powder was added to the products, the CIE b* values increased significantly (p < 0.05) with incubation time. At the same vegetable concentration, the nitrite content, nitrosyl hemochrome, and curing efficiency also increased significantly (p < 0.05) as the incubation time increased from 2 to 4 h, regardless of the types of vegetable powder. Among the meat products cured with radish powder, treatment 4 showed the highest increase in residual nitrite content, nitrosyl hemochrome content, and curing efficiency, but showed decreased lipid oxidation. Our results suggest that increased concentrations of radish powder and longer incubation times would be more suitable for producing alternatively cured meat products comparable to traditionally cured products treated with synthetic nitrite.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.546-558
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• 1996

The purpose of this vitro study was to evaluate the activity of human pulpal cells to adhesive glycoprotein-coated and non-coated culture dishes. Well known adhesive glycoproteins were used, such as type I collagen, type IV collagen, fibronectin, laminin, and vitronectin. Each adhesive glycoproteins applied onto the culture dishes. In this study, the protein coated and non-coated dishes were classified as each groups. Human pulpal cells cultured onto each groups. After 24 hours, 48 hours, 72 hours incubation time, radioactivity with scintillation counter for evaluation of the activity of human pulpal cells. The results as follows : 1. After 24 hours incubation time, activity of human pulpal cells were best in laminin-coated group among groups. Then fibronectin, type I collagen group were better, and all proteins were better than control. 2. After 48 hours incubation time, activity of human pulpal cells were best in fibronectin coated group. 3. After 72 hours incubation time, activity of human pulpal cells were not significantly different in all of adhesive glycoproteins. 4. After 24 hours incubation time, activity of human pulpal cells were best in fibronectin and laminin coated group. Activity of human pulpal cells in type I collagen coated group were better after 24 hours incubation time then 48 hours incubation time.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.147-157
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• 2019

Our study was conducted to examine differences in incubation behavior among breeding sites and the relationship between factor affecting environmental change and incubation behavior of the Black-faced Spoonbill (Platalea minor). We set up the remote sensor cameras at three breeding sites (Mae-do, Namdongji, Guji-do) to observe incubation behavior in Gyeonggi Bay, South Korea from 2015 to 2018. We analyzed effects of breeding year, day of incubation started, day of incubation, the time of incubation exchanges and sex on incubation bout length. Mean incubation bout length of females (Mae-do: $7.19{\pm}0.23$ hours, Namdongji: $6.08{\pm}0.23$ hours, Guji-do: $7.96{\pm}0.30$ hours) was longer than males (Mae-do: $6.14{\pm}0.21$ hours, Namdongji: $5.45{\pm}0.28$ hours, Guji-do: $7.38{\pm}0.29$ hours). Mean incubation bout length was longer in Guji-do than other study sites. Incubation bout length tended to increase with the clutch initiation date. Males incubated their eggs at day time while female did at night time, these tendencies were observed more clearly in Guji-do. The proportion of time spent incubating of females was higher than males. Males' proportion increased as incubation progressed and increased rate in Guji-do was higher than other study sites. Our results showed that incubation rhythm of the Black-faced Spoonbill differed among breeding sites and varied with the environmental cycle.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.270-276
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• 2022

Objective: The present study assessed the biological characteristics of human spermatozoa at different time intervals (0, 1, 1.5, and 2 hours) after incubation at 37℃. Methods: Twenty-five normozoospermic semen samples were incubated at 37℃. Incubation was performed at four time intervals of 0 (after liquefaction), 1, 1.5, and 2 hours. The samples were evaluated for sperm parameters at each time interval. Results: The rate of sperm progressive motility decreased at 1.5 hours compared to 0 hours as well as 2 hours compared to 1 hour and 0 hours. The rate of non-motile spermatozoa also decreased after 2 hours compared to after 0 hours. No significant changes were observed in sperm viability (p=0.98) and non- progressive motility (p=0.48) at any time intervals. Abnormal sperm morphology increased at 1.5 hours of incubation time (p<0.001). No significant changes were observed in DNA fragmentation at 1 hour compared to 0 hours (median [interquartile range]: 19.5 [4] vs. 19 [4]), as well as at 1.5 hours compared to 1 hour (20 [5]). However, a significant increase in DNA fragmentation was observed at 1.5 hours compared to 0 hours. The mitochondrial membrane potential decreased remarkably after 1 hour of incubation time. No significant differences were observed in the acrosome reaction or malonaldehyde levels at any time point (p=0.34 and p=0.98, respectively). Conclusion: The incubation of normozoospermic samples before use in assisted reproductive technology should be less than 1.5 hours to minimize the destructive effects of prolonged incubation time on general and specific sperm parameters.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.399-405
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• 1999

Objective: In the preparation of ICSI, cumulus and corona cells should be removed from the oocytes by using a combination of enzymatic (hyaluronidase) and mechanical (pipetting) methods. But little is known about the effects of different degrees of oocyte denudation and incubation time between denudation and sperm injection on the outcomes of ICSI. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of varying the degrees of oocyte denudation and the lengths of incubation time from denudation to sperm injection on the outcomes of ICSI. Methods: In experiment 1, patients (oocytes) were grouped into group A and B according to the degree of denudation, complete and partial, respectively. In experiment 2, patients (oocytes) were grouped into group I, II and III according to the length of incubation time of denuded oocytes until sperm injection as < 1, $1{\sim}2$ and >2 hours, respectively. Results: There was no significant difference between the degree of oocyte denudation on the survival, fertilization and development rates after ICSI procedure. In case of the incubation time of denuded oocytes until ICSI, survival rates was higher in group III (83.1 %) than in group I (61.5%, p<0.05) or group II (64.3%). However no statistically significant differences were found between incubation time and fertilization or development rates. Conclusions: This study reveals that the outcomes of ICSI are not affected by the degree (complete or partial) of oocyte denudation. However, the denuded oocytes with incubation period of more than 2 hours show better outcomes of ICSI than those with the incubation period of less than 2 hours.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.12
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• pp.1702-1707
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• 2002

The effects of dark-control (D) and continuous green light (GL) exposure of incubated meat-type breeder eggs (Hybro) on embryonic growth from 5 to 15 days of age, hatching time, hatchability per cent and chick hatching weight were investigated in three consecutive experiments at 33, 38, and 41 weeks of age. A total of 798 eggs were used in this study. Eggs were set in an incubator on trays either in the D or under two tubes of 20-watt green fluorescent light during the first 18 days of incubation. Eggs from both treatments were transferred to the dark hatching compartment at 19 days of incubation. The light intensity was in the range of 1,340 to 1,730 lux at the surface of the eggs. GL incubation of eggs significantly (p<0.01) increased weight (expressed as an absolute value) and daily weight gain of embryos at 11 and continued to 15 days of age, hatchability per cent by 4.8%, reduced dead embryos per cent and chick weight at hatch by 37 and 2%, respectively and accelerated hatching time by about 24 h when compared with the D-control incubation. Chicks hatched at 504 h of incubation had significantly (p<0.01) higher body weight, expressed as an absolute value or as a percentage of egg weight, than those hatched earlier at 456 h of incubation. It was concluded that the GL incubation of meat breeder eggs reduced incubation period and chick weight at hatch and increased embryonic growth and hatchability per cent.

• Proceedings of the Korean Statistical Society Conference
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• 2004.11a
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• pp.237-241
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• 2004

In standard time-to-event or survival analysis, the occurrence times of the event of interest are observed exactly or are right-censored. However in certain situations such as the AIDS data, the incubation period which is the time between HIV infection time and the diagnosis of AIDS is usually doubly censored. That is the HIV infection time Is interval censored and also the time of the diagnosis of AIDS is right censored. In this paper, we Impute the Interval censored infection time using the conditional mean imputation and estimate the coefficient factor of the regression analysis for the incubation period using Gibbs sampler. We applied parametric and semi-parametric methods for the analysis of the Incubation period and compared the results.

• Transactions of the Korean hydrogen and new energy society
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.19-24
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• 1994

표면상태가 $LaNi_{4.7}Al_{0.3}$의 활성화에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위해서 여러가지 산화 상태에서의 incubation time을 관찰하였다. Incubation time은 입자의 크기, 파쇄후 경과시간, 합금방법에 따라 다르게 나타났다. 재료를 파쇄한후 실험한 날짜에 따라 incubation time은 초기에는 증가하다가 최대점을 지난후 감소하고 다시 최소점을 보인후 증가하는 현상을 보였다. 이것은 Ni cluster와 산화층의 복합적인 작용인 것으로 생각된다. Ni cluster의 양과 산화층의 두께는 공기에 노출되는 시간이 증가함에 따라 증가하였다.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.106-112
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• 2010

This paper presents some experimental results on incubation time for massive hydriding of Zr alloys with oxide thickness. Oxide effects experiments on massive hydriding reaction of commercial Zr alloy claddings and pre-oxidized Zr alloys with hydrogen gas were carried out in the temperature range from 300 to $400^{\circ}C$ with thermo-gravimetric apparatus. Experimental results for oxide effects on massive hydriding kinetics show that incubation time is not proportional to oxide thickness and that the massive hydriding kinetics of pre-filmed Zr alloys follows linear kinetic law and the hydriding rate are similar to that of oxide-free Zr alloys once massive hydriding is initiated. There was a difference in micro-structures between oxide during incubation time and oxide after incubation time. Physical defects such as micro-cracks and pores were observed in only oxide after incubation time. Therefore, the massive hydriding of Zr alloys seems to be ascribed to short circuit path, mechacical or physical defects, such as micro-cracks and pores in the oxide rather than hydrogen diffusion through the oxide resulting from the increase of oxygen vacancies in the hypostoichiometric oxide.