• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.91-97
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• 2017

Hyperglycemia is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. It has been demonstrated that chronic exposure to high glucose impaired endothelial functions. However, specific effects of short-term exposure to high glucose on vascular reactivity are controversial. Moreover, the combined effects of other metabolic substrates such as free fatty acids (FFA) on vascular reactivity remain poorly understood. Here we investigate the effects of short-term exposure to high glucose with or without other metabolic substrates including FFAs termed "nutrition full" (NF) solution, on mesenteric (MA) and deep femoral arteries (DFA) of rats. Arterial ring segments were mounted in a double-wire myograph. Contraction in response to phenylephrine (PhE) was determined in control (5 mM) and high glucose (23 mM, HG) environments over a 30 min period. In both arteries, PhE-inducedvasocontraction was enhanced by pre-incubation of HG solution. A combined incubation with HG and palmitic acid ($100{\mu}M$) induced similar sensitization of PhE-contractions in both arteries. In contrast, high $K^+$-induced contractions were not affected by HG. Interestingly, pre-incubation with NF solution decreased PhE-induced contraction in MA but increased the contraction in DFA. In NF solution, the HG-induced facilitation of PhE-contraction was not observed in MA. Furthermore, the PhE-induced contraction of DFA was attenuated by HG in NF solution. Our results demonstrate that the sensitization of PhE-induced arterial contraction by HG is differentially affected by other metabolic substrates. The conversation of skeletal arterial contractility by HG in NF solution requires careful interpretation of the previous in vitro studies where only glucose is included in physiological salt solutions. Further studies are required to elucidate the mechanism underlying the inconsistent effect of NF solution on MA and DFA.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.841-847
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• 2005

The objective of this experiment was to investigate the development of gastrointestinal tract and activities of pancreatic enzymes in White Roman geese. Thirty developing embryos at the 22th, 24th and 26th day of incubation and at hatching, and sixteen or eight goslings, half males and half females, at the 1, 3, 7 or 11, 14, 21 and 28 days of age were sampled, respectively. The weights of the yolk, gastrointestinal tract and intestinal length, and the activities of pancreatic enzymes were measured. Residual yolk weight decreased rapidly during late incubation and was nearly depleted at 3 days of age. The protein and energy contents in the residual yolk of goslings at 3 days of age were significantly (p<0.05) less than those at the late incubation. From 6 days before hatching to 28 days of age, the absolute weights of gizzard, proventriculus, liver, pancreas, small intestine and large intestine in goslings increased by 48, 457, 94, 2334, 89 and 76 times, respectively. The relative weights of proventriculus, gizzard, liver, pancreas, small intestine and large intestine reached peaks at 3, 3, 14, 14, 11 and 11 days of age, respectively, and then decreased gradually. However, the relative lengths of small intestine and large intestine reached peaks at 3 days of age and at hatching, respectively. The activities of pancreatic trypsin and chymotrypsin increased sharply from hatching to 14 day of age, and then decreased gradually until 21 days of age. The activity and specific activity of pancreatic amylase were increased following by age and peaked at 7 to 11 and 21 days of age, respectively. The activity and specific activity of pancreatic lipase reached a plateau from 11 to 28 days of age. These results indicate that the gastrointestinal tract and activities of pancreatic enzymes developed more rapidly than body weight through the early growing period of goslings.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.258-263
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• 2003

Colon-specific delivery of glucocorticoids is highly desirable for the efficient treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. We synthesized prednisolone 21-sulfate sodium (PDS) as a colon-specific prodrug of prednisolone (PD) and investigated its properties using rats as test animals. We expected that introduction of sulfate ester as a sodium salt might increase the hydrophilicity and restrict the absorption in the GI tract. If PDS is stable and nonabsorbable in the upper intestine, it will be delivered to the colon as an intact form, where it hydrolyze by the sulfatase to release PD. Compared with PD, the solubility of PDS increased and the apparent partition coefficient decreased greatly. PDS was stable on incubation with pH 1.2 and 6.8 buffer solutions and with the contents of the stomach and small intestine. On incubation with the cecal contents, PDS decreased to 9.6％ of the dose in 10 h producing PD. The amount of PD increased to give a maximum 54％ of the dose and decreased. As a control, when PD was incubated with the cecal contents, it decreased to 29％ of the dose in 8 h, which implied that reduction of PD proceeded under such conditions. These results suggested that hydrolysis of PDS took place to produce and accumulate PD, which decreased by reduction as the incubation period extended. Our results suggested that PDS can be a promising colon-specific prodrug of PD, and sulfate ester group might serve as a potential colon-specific promoiety, especially for the drugs which are resistant to reduction in the colon.

• Journal of Radiation Industry
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.197-202
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• 2011

In this study, an Ag-polyaniline-silica (Ag-PANI-silica) nanoparticle was evaluated as a radioisotope carrier. An Ag-PANI-silica nanoparticle was incubated in the $^{125}I$ solution for a duration of 24 hr to test its radioisotope absorptivity. During the incubation, radioactivity of the nanoparticle was measured at 3, 6, 12, and 24 hr. After a 24 hr incubation, $^{125}I$-Ag-PANI-silica nanoparticle was incubated in a fresh saline for a duration of 48 hr to check its stability. Additionally, the $^{125}I$-Ag-PANI-silica nanoparticle was injected to the ICR mouse to investigate its in-vivo distribution characteristics. The $^{125}I$ absorption yield of the Ag-PANI-silica nanoparticle was higher than 95% after a 6 hr incubation period in the $^{125}I$ solution. And $^{125}I$-Ag-PANI-silica was stable for 48 hr at 80% yield at room temperature. The SPECT/CT image of a mouse that received $^{125}I$-Ag-PANI-silica complex showed that the $^{125}I$-Ag-PANI-silica complex was distributed in the lung, stomach and thyroid at 30 min post injection. From these results, the Ag-PANI-silica nanoparticle has good radio-iodine carrying property and can be applicable for the purpose of diagnosis and therapy.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.548-557
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• 2019

Staphylococcus species have a ubiquitous habitat in a wide range of foods, thus the ability to identify staphylococci at the species level is critical in the food industry. In this study, we performed rapid identification of Staphylococcus species using Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). MALDI-TOF MS was evaluated for the identification of Staphylococcus reference strains (n = 19) and isolates (n = 96) from various foods with consideration for the impact of sample preparation methods and incubation period. Additionally, the spectra of isolated Staphylococcus strains were analyzed using principal component analysis (PCA) and a main spectra profile (MSP)-based dendrogram. MALDI-TOF MS accurately identified Staphylococcus reference strains and isolated strains: the highest performance was by the EX method (83.3~89.5% accuracy) at species level identification (EDT, 70.3~78.9% accuracy; DT, less than 46.3~63.2% accuracy) of 24-h cultured colonies. Identification results at the genus level were 100% accurate at EDT, EX sample preparation and 24-h incubation time. On the other hand, the DT method showed relatively low identification accuracy in all extraction methods and incubation times. The analyzed spectra and MSP-based dendrogram showed that the isolated Staphylococcus strains were characterized at the species level. The performance analysis of MALDI-TOF MS shows the method has the potential ability to discriminate between Staphylococcus species from foods in Korea. This study provides valuable information that MALDI-TOF MS can be applied to monitor microbial populations and pathogenic bacteria in the food industry thereby contributing to food safety.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.51-56
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• 2001

At 5$^{\circ}C$ incubation of the brooded eggs of the snow crab, Chionoecetes opilio lasted for 297 days; freshly hatched prezoea molted to become the first zoea in one hour. Length (from the tip of the rostral spines to the tip of the dorsal spines) of the first and second zoeae measured 4.8 and 6.4mm, respectively. Experimental rearing of the larvae at 5, 10, 15 and 2$0^{\circ}C$ indicated that the upper limit of thermal tolerance is 15$^{\circ}C$, as all the reared larvae succumbed at 2$0^{\circ}C$. Intermolt period from the first the first zoea to the second was 57, 32 and 23 days at 5, 10 and 15$^{\circ}C$, respectively and that of the second zoea was 52, 29 and 90 days, respectively. Largest number of larvae survived at 1$0^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.6 no.3_4
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• pp.146-149
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• 2008

Pleurotus pulmonarius usually grows on the dead wood of deciduous trees in mid summer to early fall. The pileus color is white to tan and fruiting body is generally smaller than P. ostreatus. This study was carried out to investigate the characteristics of cultivation and consumer acceptance of P. pulmonarius. The period of incubation and primordial occurrence were required about 33days, 5days in bottle cultivation repectively, and the yield was 170g/850cc bottle. In bed cultivation, the period of primordial occurrence was similar to that of bottle cultivation and the yields was $35.7{\sim}46.2kg/3.3m^2$. Taste and favor of P. pulmonarius were superior to P. oostreatus., but the appearance, color and shape, was slightly inferior to P. ostreatus.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.525-530
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• 2021

The cultivation in sawdust media, mushroom productivity, and fruiting body characteristics of Lentinula edodes strains NIFoS 2778 and NIFoS 3363 were compared according to the inoculation conditions. The cultivation period was 5% shorter when liquid spawn was used. Fruiting bodies were induced after 113 days of incubation on media inoculated with liquid spawn, and the cultivation period was 119 days on media inoculated with solid spawn. Mushroom productivity of NIFoS 2778 was the highest (661.4 g) when 36 mL of liquid spawn was used. For NIFoS 3363, mushroom production was higher under liquid inoculation conditions when the same amount of liquid and solid spawns were used. The mushroom characteristics of the two strains were not significantly different, except for gill width and stipe diameter.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.83-87
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• 2012

To determine the effects of kimchi extracts at different temperatures on larval development, $Ascaris$ $suum$ eggs were mixed with soluble part of 7 different brands of commercially available kimchi and preserved at either $5^{\circ}C$ or $25^{\circ}C$ for up to 60 days. $A.$ $suum$ eggs incubated at $25^{\circ}C$ showed marked differences in larval development between kimchi extract and control group. While all eggs in the control group completed embryonation by day 21, only 30% of the eggs in the kimchi extract group became embryonated by day 36 and about 25% never became larvated even at day 60. At $5^{\circ}C$, however, none of the eggs showed larval development regardless of the incubation period or type of mixture group. To determine the survival rate of $A.$ $suum$ eggs that showed no embryonation after being preserved at $5^{\circ}C$, eggs preserved in kimchi extracts for 14, 28, and 60 at $5^{\circ}C$ were re-incubated at $25^{\circ}C$ for 3 weeks in distilled water. While all eggs in the control group became larvated, eggs in the kimchi extract group showed differences in their embryonation rates by the incubation period; 87.4 % and 41.7% of the eggs became embryonated after being refrigerated for 14 days and 28 days, respectively. When refrigerated for 60 days, however, no eggs mixed in kimchi extract showed larval development. Our results indicate that embryogenesis of $A.$ $suum$ eggs in kimchi extract was affected by duration of refrigeration, and that all eggs stopped larval development completely in kimchi kept at $5^{\circ}C$ for up to 60 days.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.89-94
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• 2017

The microstructure and dilatation for 0.15C steels were investigated to define the phase transformation during the quenching and partitioning (Q&P) process. For the one step Q&P dilatation, the isothermal martensite/bainite transformation occurred because the holding temperature was between $M_s$ and $M_f$. The isothermally transformed martensite/bainite and the athermally transformed martensite were produced by a loss of retained austenite. As the holding time increased, new martensite-start ($M_s$) temperature produced from the final quenching process decreased due to the carbon partitioning from the martensite to the retained austenite. This was the direct evidence of increment for the retained austenite stability. For the two step Q&P dilatation, the isothermal bainitic transformation occurred because the partitioning temperature was larger than the $M_s$ and new $M_s$. The partitioning at $400^{\circ}C$ indicated the short incubation period for the bainite transformation than the $350^{\circ}C$ partitioning because the partitioning at $400^{\circ}C$ should acquire the larger thermal driving force for carbon partitioning than the $350^{\circ}C$ partitioning. A quick drop of $M_s$ and short period of bainite incubation for the $400^{\circ}C$ partitioning steel were also the direct evidence of significant effects of carbon partitioning on the stability of retained austenite.