• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.57-62
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• 2000

The effect of exhaust gas recirculation(EGR) on the characteristics of exhaust gas emissions, and SFC are experimentally investigated by four-cylinder, four-cycle and direct injection marine diesel engine. In order to reduce the soot contents in the recirculated exhaust gas to intake system of the engines, a soot removal system of a cylinderical-type scrubber is specially designed and manufactured for the experimental system. (1) SFC is increased in downward convex curve style with increasing excess air ratio, it is increased with increasing EGR rate at the same excess air ratio. (2) NOx emission is reduced in downward convex curve style with increasing excess air ratio, it is reduced with increasing EGR rate at the same excess air ratio. (3) Soot emission is decreased in downward convex curve style with increasing excess air ratio, it is reduced with increasing EGR rate at the same excess air ratio. (4) CO emission is increased in nearly straight line style with increasing excess air ratio, it is increased with increasing EGR rate at the same excess air ratio. (5) HC emission is not constant tendency with increasing excess air ratio, it is increased with increasing EGR rate at the same excess air ratio.

• The Journal of Economics, Marketing and Management
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.1-9
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• 2017

This current study aims to investigate the reason for the low birth rate and increasing aging populations. It aims to offer potential countermeasures and possible solutions that might alleviate the decreasing birth rate and exponentially increasing aging populations. The present research has sought out to uncover the origin of the low birth rates and increasing aging populations by compiling various past studies and statistics in South Korea. It includes additional support from the government for working career women in easing their burden for raising a child and allocating the appropriate funds for the increasing elderly populations. The decreasing birth rate can be contributed as a side effect of the past policies passed in South Korea and in turn created an increase in the aging populations. Policies to tackle this current issue needs to be further investigated and employed for the future of the economic and sociological stability of the society. Consistent efforts need to be made to dispel the continuing decrease for birth rates and alarmingly increasing aging populations. Policies and redistribution of government funds are some of the many things that need to be revised.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.95-114
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• 1991

This paper was designed to estimate the interaction of the first productivity, light conditions and to analyze the ecophysiological productivity, growth characteristics grown under various shading conditions in Zoysia japonica . The results summarized this experiment were as follows; 1.After transplanting the grass, increasing rate of leaf number and total leaf length was remarkahly high at the early growth stage in the control and the 30% shading plot. 2.The increasing rate of leaf area ratio (LA R) in all the experimental plot was remarkable high at the early growth stage after transplanting the grass. Especially, the control and 30% shading plot in compared with another plots, were remarkably high at rate of leaf area. 3.The length and the node number of rhizome in the control and 30% shading plot were also high and the difference was significantly large by the growth stage. 4.Chlorophyll content was very high at 36days after transplanting and then decreased. Increasing rate of shade resulted in its low content. The rate of chlorophyll a to b was decreased by in-creasing rate of shade. 5.The content of soluble sugar in the control and 30% shading plot was low at the early growth after transplanting and high at the late growth stage. Its content in the plot of 70% shading was remarkably low throughout the growth stage. 6.The increasing rate of standing plant in all the experimental plots was high at the early growth stage after transplanting. Increasing rate of shade was typically low through all the growth stage.

• Journal of Technologic Dentistry
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.41-55
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• 2005

This study is to investigate the increasing membership rate against the previous year among the members registered as representative members and general members of the Korea Dental Technician Association from 1990 to 2004. With this study, we aim to provide more systematic data about the current status of each members in the KDTA and reconsider the needs for the practical and distinguishing management of the members. Results of the study are as follows; 1. The increasing rate from 1990 to 2004: whole members; 2.14, representative members; 2.22, general members; 2.11. Average of increasing rate against the previous year: general members; 6.10%, whole members; 5.94%, representative members; 5.91%. 2. The increasing rate in the city branch from 1990 to 2004: whole members; 2.12, representative members; 2.03, general members; 2.15. Average of increasing rate against the previous year: general members; 6.63%, whole members; 6.05%, representative members; 5.23%. 3. The increasing rate in the province branch from 1990 to 2004: whole members; 2.21, representative members; 2.74, general members; 2.01. Average of increasing rate against the previous year: representative members; 7.58%, whole members; 5.99%, whole members; 5.35%. 4. Mean ratio between representative members and general members from 1990 to 2004: 1:2.6 against the whole members, 1:2.8 in the city branch, 1:2.3 in the province branch. The ratio between representative members and general members in the year 2004: 1:3.1 in Kyoungnam province, 1:3.0 in Inchon, 1:2.9 in Kwangju that indicates a high ratio between two members and in the case of Chongbuk, the ratio between two members is rather low as shown in 1:1.1.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.206-212
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• 1994

Effects of the film deposition process parameters on the properties such as deposition rate, etch rate, refractive index, stress and step coverage of plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposited (PECVD) tetraethylorthosilicate glass (TEOS) SiO2 film were investigated and analysed using SEM, FTIR and SIMS techniques. Increasing TEOS flow or decreasing O2 flow increased the deposition rate and the compressive stress of the oxide film but produced a less denser film. The deposition rate decreased owing to the decrease in the sticking coefficient of the TEOS and the O2 molecules onto the substrate Si with increasing the substrate temperature. Increasing the substrate temperature produced a denser film with a lower etch rate and the higher refractive index by lowering SiOH and moisture contents. Increasing the rf power increases the ion bombardment energy. This increase in energy, in turn, increases the deposition rate and tends to make the film denser. No appreciable changes were found in the deposition rate but the refractive index and the stress of the film decreased with increasing the deposition pressure. The carbon content in the plasma TEOS CVD oxide film prepared under our standard deposition conditions were very low according to the SIMS analysis results.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.17 no.7
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• pp.817-826
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• 2008

Using high voltage electric fields induced by high voltage AC (10-12 kV/cm, 20 kHz) and pulsed (20-30 kV/cm, 40 Hz) electric field generator as a semipermanent and environment-friendly disinfecting apparatus, the disinfection effect of coliform group in the effluent of sewage plant was investigated. The effects of electric field strength, treatment time, discharge area of a discharge tube, water quality factors (electric conductivity, pH and SS) on its death rate were examined. The death rate of coliform group was increased with increasing electric field strength and treatment time. For AC and pulsed electric field generator, the critical electric field strength was 6 kV/cm and 2 kV/cm, respectively, and the critical treatment time was 5 min and 2 min, respectively, regardless of electric field strength. Comparing the death rate of coliform group by AC and pulsed electric fields used in this study, its death rate was higher for the latter than the former, but did not increase linearly with increasing electric field strength. The results obtained for the effects of discharge area, electric conductivity, pH and SS on the death rate of coliform group using AC electric field (12 kV/cm, 20 kHz) were as follows: its death rate showed the trend to increase linearly with increasing discharge area; for the effect of electric conductivity, its death rate was increased with increasing electric conductivity, regardless of ionic species, increased with increasing cationic valency, but was similar between the same cationic valency; the pH $5{\sim}9$ used in this study did not affect its death rate; its death rate was decreased with increasing SS concentration.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Emotion and Sensibility Conference
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• 1999.03a
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• pp.243-248
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• 1999

There is substantial evidence that anatomical connections and functional interactions exist between vestibular and autonomic systems. Heart rate variability (HRV) including mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variation (CV), power spectrum was analyzed for evaluation of the physiological role of the vestibular system on control of heart rate in rabbits. In anesthetized rabbits, electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve decreased heart rate and decreased LF/HF by increasing HF. On the cervical sympathetic nerve increased heart rate and increased LF/HF by increasing LF. Atropine, cholinergic blocker, increased heart rate and increased LF/HF by reducing HF, and propranolol, ${\beta}$-adrenergic blocker, decreased heart rate and decreased LF/HF by reducing LF> In unanesthetized rabbits, stimulation of the vestibular system induced by rotation or caloric increased heart rate and increased LF/HF by increasing LF> Also electrical stimulation of the vestibular nerve produced the same of effects as rotation or caloric in anesthetized rabbits. These results suggest that Stimulation of the vestibular system increased heart rate not by inhibiting the parasympathetic nerve but by activating the sympathetic nerve.

• Journal of Magnetics
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.13-16
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• 1999

Magnetic viscosities of a commercialized metal evaporated tape were measured as a function of sweeping rate in VSM at room temperature. Within several seconds in the viscosity measurement, curves are downward concave and more concave with increasing sweeping rate when magnetization were plotted as a logarithmic function of time. However, magnetization varied as a logarithmic function of time after several seconds. Magetic viscosity coefficient gradually increased with increasing sweeping rate and then kept a constant value at a rate faster than 61.5 Oe/s. It was supposed that magnetic viscosity occurs during field sweeping, which was in good agreement with Sharrock's model qualitatively. Activation volume decreased with increasing sweeping rate, which was due to the fact that magnetic viscosity coefficients increased with sweeping rate while irreversible susceptibilities were not affected by sweeping rate.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 1992.05a
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• pp.117-121
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• 1992

Zinc oxide thin films were obtained from zinc acetate-2-water and oxygen by photo-CVD method. (1) The formation of ZnO films sarts from 100[$^{\circ}C$] and the deposition rate increases with increasing substrate temperature. (2) The rate of deposition was also affected by flow rates of O$_2$(reaction gas) and N$_2$(Carrier gas). (3) The deposition rate decreases with increasing O$_2$mole rate. (4) The transmission of the films was independent of oxygen mole rate and it was largely affected substrate temperature. (5) The electric resistivity of th films was largely varied at oxygen mole rate 10[%] and above 20[%], a plateau was encountered. Also, it increases with increasing substrate temperature. As the results, at substrate temperature: 200[$^{\circ}C$]; O$_2$gas mole rate:10[%]; reation time:10[min] pressure: 10$\^$-2/[atm], deposition rate; transmittance; resistivity were 780[A$\^$0/; 94[%]; 7${\times}$10$\^$-2/[$\Omega$$.$cm] respectively.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.129-139
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• 1995

This study investigates the combustion characteristics of methane-hydrogen-air premixture in a constant volume combustion chamber. Primary factors of the combustion characteristics of methane- hydrogen-air premixture are the equivalence ratio and hydrogen supplement rate. In the case of $\phi$= 1.1, maximum combustion pressure and heat release rate have peaks, and they increase as the initial pressure and hydrogen supplement rate increase. The total burning time is also the shortest at the $\phi$= 1.1, it shorten by lowering the initial pressure and by increasing the hydrogen supplement rate. The maximum flame temperature is shown at the $\phi$= 1.0, and increasing the initial pressure and hydrogen supplement rate, it increases. The concentration of NO reveals the highest value at the $\phi$= 0.9, and it increases by increasing the initial pressure and hydrogen supplement rate. It is also found that the limit of lean inflammability of methane-hydrogen-air premixture is greatly widened by increasing the hydrogen supplement rate.