• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.57 no.1
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• pp.271-297
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• 2005

Since the 1980s, the western welfare states have experienced a wide spectrum of socio-economic changes; changes in population composition, the economic globalization, the post-industrialization, an increasing flexibility in the labor market. etc. This study examines the trend of poverty in welfare states, and analyzes how those socio-economic changes are related to it. For these purposes, this study first calculates the poverty indices for several years in 10 welfare states using the Luxembourg Income Study database, and then decomposes the index by subpopulation and income sources. Major findings of this study can be summarized as follows. First of all, the welfare state in general has experienced an increasing trend in the degree of poverty since the 1980s. In particular, poverty has greatly intensified in the United Kingdom and the Netherlands. Many other welfare states including Canada, Germany, Sweden, and Norway have also experienced substantial increases in poverty. The increasing trend of poverty is not wholly due to changes in population composition such as increases in the aging population and one-parent(mother) families. Contrary to the traditional belief, these population groups are not as much poor as the working-age population. In particular, the degree of poverty in the elderly is less severe than in the working-age group. Furthermore, since the 1980s the market income poverty in the aging population has shown a decreasing trend in many welfare states. The degree and trend of poverty in one-parent families vary greatly across countries, owing to the labor market and income transfer policies. The most important reason for the increasing poverty trend in the welfare state is that the degree of poverty has been deepening in the working-age population. Especially, the market income poverty of the working-age population has considerably increased in every country except the Netherlands. Structural changes in the economy and the labor market may drive the increasing trend of poverty. Further studies and deliberate anti-poverty policies are needed to tackle the factors relating to the increase in the market income poverty.

• Journal of Consumption Culture
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.213-247
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to analyze the economic structures of low-income households, and to provide the policy suggestions for their economic well-being. The data for this study was from the 2009 year of the Korea Welfare Panel Survey (KOWEPS). The results are as follows: As for income structure, the low-income households had lower amounts in earned income, business and side-work income, and property income, but a higher amount in transfer income. They had a lower amount in private transfer income, but a higher amount in public transfer income. They had the highest rate of transfer income, showing that the rate of public transfer income was higher than that of private transfer income, and the government assistance was the highest rate in public transfer income. The households in extreme poverty had the lowest amounts in earned income, financial income, private transfer income, but the highest amount in public transfer income. The households in poverty had the lowest amount in transfer income. The households in extreme poverty, poverty and near poverty showed the highest rate in transfer income. As for asset structure, the low-income households had a lower amount in every type of assets. They showed the highest rate in total debt, and had a higher rate in housing asset, but lower rates in real-estate asset, financial asset and other asset. The households in extreme poverty had a lower amount in every type of assets than the households in near poverty. Three types of the low-income households showed the highest rate in housing asset, but the households in extreme poverty was the highest among them. As for expenditure structure, the low-income households had lower amounts in all of the expenditure items. They showed the highest rate in food expenditure, the second highest in other consumption expenditure. The households in extreme poverty showed lower amounts in almost all of the expenditure items than the households in near poverty, but the households in extreme poverty showed a higher amount in monthly rent than the households in neat poverty. Three types of the low-income households showed the highest rate in food expenditure. The expenditure rates of food, monthly rent and light·heat·water for households in extreme poverty were higher than those for the households in near poverty.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.7 no.10
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• pp.433-442
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• 2020

This study investigates the impact of fiscal transfer, specifically the Village Fund Transfer, on rural income inequality and rural poverty. Studies on fiscal transfer offers contrasting outcomes, some argues that fiscal transfer suppresses wealth disparity, while others argue that it tends to widen disparity. This study employs descriptive analysis in estimating the elasticity of income inequality and poverty rate before and after the Village Fund Transfer. It develops multiple regressions model on panel datasets of 33 provinces in Indonesia before and after the implementation of Village Fund Transfer. This study suggests that the elasticity of income inequality is higher after the implementation of village fund transfer. Rural poverty tends to decline annually, however, the elasticity changes is lower after the implementation of village fund transfer. Furthermore, this study suggests that village fund transfer is insignificant in coping with the issue of income inequality, while education and the level of labor productivity of agricultural sector appears to be the determinant factor in tackling the issue of income inequality in the rural areas. This study further reveals the significance of village fund transfer in suppressing the rural poverty rate. This study also highlights the significance of human resources quality and agricultural sector in reducing poverty rate in rural areas.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.56 no.2
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• pp.5-27
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• 2004

This study estimates the role of public and private income transfer to the income status of women who experienced marital disruption. In detail, this study estimates five major subjects (1) women's socioeconomic background, (2) income and poverty status, (3) family income composition, (4) the anti-poverty effect of public and private income transfers, and (5) factors associated with women's poverty status. Major findings of the study are as follows: First, women's socioeconomic characteristics, income status, and poverty status are different according to what types of marital disruption (separation, divorce, death of spouse) they experienced. Second, the role of public and private income transfers to reduce women's poverty are also different according to their marital status. Third, widow's working condition and the level of public assistance are significantly associated with the poverty status of widow.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.77-88
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• 2019

This study is empirically intended to look into the effects of basic income security on poverty elimination and life independence in income security policies. To achieve this, poverty elimination and life independence through the national pension and basic pension as old-age pension for basic income security and the unemployment benefit and livelihood benefit as employment insurance were determined as dependent variables. The 10th data from Korea Welfare Panel Study were used in the statistical package program to analyze these variables. The overall findings showed that the national pension and basic pension as part of the old-age pension had a positive effect on poverty elimination and life independence. The unemployment benefit and livelihood benefit of employment insurance were not significant and they were rejected. And poverty elimination had a significant effect on life independence and it was adopted. Consequently, the old-age pension is a pensionable income security policy given to all the elderly with lower income, which it is very useful for guaranteeing a basic income. Poverty elimination leads to life independence through the guarantee of a certain basic income, suggesting that they are closely related to each other.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.281-288
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• 2021

The purpose of the study is to determine the poverty and distributional effects of the implementation of Tax Reform for Acceleration and Inclusion Law. The Computable General Equilibrium-Top Down Behavioral Microsimulation was used to obtain the effects of the tax reform on macroeconomic and microeconomic levels. Moreover, the Poverty Gap Index, Squared Poverty Gap Index, Foster, Greer, and Thorbecke Measures of Poverty, and Sen-Shorrocks-Thon Index were used to measure the poverty effect of the tax reform. Meanwhile, the Gini Coefficient and SST Gini Coefficient Index were used to measure the distributional effect of the tax reform. The results show that the implementation of the tax reform has resulted in a significant increase in household income and disposable income. Region IV has the highest estimated increase in household income. Meanwhile, Region IV remained to have the lowest household income. Further, the findings of this study suggest that the tax reform resulted in a significant decrease in the magnitude of poor and the number of poor in the Philippines. However, the result of the study also suggests that the effect of tax reform manifests no differences in terms of the poverty gap measured through the Foster, Greer, and Thorbecke poverty index due.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.39
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• pp.157-179
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• 1999

This study is an empirical research to analyze how many private income transfers in Korea decrease poverty rate, to compare the effects of private income transfers' decreasing poverty rate with income classes. This study has utilised the Family Income and Expenditure Survey to estimate the poverty ratio in urban areas and Unemployment Household Survey which Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs has investigated at 1998. Majour findins are these. First, Sizes of private transfers incomes are much than that of public transfers incomes. The rates in receiving private transfers income are ten times higher than that in receiving public transfers income among urban worker's household. The mean of private transfer income are about six times larger than that of public transfer income among urban worker's household. Second, the effects of private income transfers' reducing poverty rates are not large. After private transfers, urbarn workers' households are about 10 per cent away from its poverty line, and unemploy households are only 3 per cent away from its poverty line. Third, especially, private income transfers are hardly reducing poverty rates among extreme poverty class. After private transfers, urban workers' households which their incomes are within low 5%, are not away from its poverty line at all.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.55
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• pp.181-204
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to offer a comprehensive analysis of the changing trends of the Korean income packaging, poverty rate, and level of income inequality from 1996 to 2002. In order to do that, this study used the micro-data of "Income and Expenditure Survey of Urban Households" by the National Statistical Office(NSO). Major results were as follows: (1) A ratio of public transfer in family income packaging increased at the DJ administration. (2) Poverty rate and Gini coefficient, which were 7.8% and 0.29 in 1996, rose to $8.8{\sim}10.4%$ and $0.30{\sim}0.34$ respectively during the year of 1998-2002. (3) However, poverty reduction effect and income inequality reduction effect of public income transfer increased preferably at the DJ administration. Those effects increased more since the enactment of National Basic Livelihood Security in 2000. Therefore, government should provide more national welfare programs to reduce the poverty rate and to improve better structure of income distribution.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.113-128
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• 1991

The purpose of this study was to analyze the environment of poverty children as reported by the children on a questionnaire. The conception of the environment was divided into the physical environment and the sociopsychological environment. The dimensions of the physical environment included household, cultural, and play conditions. The sociopsychological environment included structural (family values, family relationships, and the reinforcement system) and process variables(affect, care, and communication). For the purpose of this survey was administered to 122 children living in a poverty area and 102 children living in a middle-high income area. Statistics used for data analysis were frequency, distribution, percentile, mean and one-way ANOVA. Major findings showed that (1) The physical environment as reported by the poverty children was meager compared with that of children in the middle-high income area: the households were more overcrowded, and cultural conditions, play materials, and space was more limited. (2) The Structural conditions of the sociopsychological environment as perceived by poverty children were more material and physical than that of children in the middle-high income area: family values were oriented more toward materialism: family relationships were more negative and distant: and the reinforcement system was based more on material reward and physical punishment. (3) Process variables were perceived by poverty children as more laissez-faire and rigid; the parents neglected their children and communicated unilaterally more than the middle-high income parents. (4) Poverty children's perception of the causes of poverty and wealth were perceived as personal and social factors.

• The Southeast Asian review
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.127-167
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• 2013

This paper aims to analyse the inequality and poverty in Malaysia. Malaysia is considered to be a country of high inequality and high poverty according to the Asian Development Bank. To tackle the income inequality and poverty in Malaysia, especially after the incident of ethnic riot in 1969, the government pursued to implement the affirmative action for the benefit of bumiputra. Recognizing the fact that the economic factors are crucial in determining the levels of inequality and poverty, this paper analyses the historical, institutional and cultural factors and evaluates the affirmative action designed to reduce the income gap between bumiputra and non-bumiputra.