• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제4권4호
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• pp.61-66
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• 2017

Environmental awareness and its relation to the development of economy has garnered increased attention in recent years. Researchers, over the years, have argued that sustainable development warrants for minimizing environmental degradation since one depends on the other. This study analyzes the relationship between environmental degradation (carbon emission taken as proxy for degradation), economic growth, total energy consumption and industrial production index growth in Bangladesh from year 1998 to 2013. This study uses Vector Autoregression (VAR) Model and variance decomposition of VAR to analyze the effect of these variables on carbon emission and vice-versa. The findings of VAR model suggest that industrial production and GDP per capita has significant relationship with carbon emission. Further analysis through variance decomposition shows carbon emission has consistent impact on industrial production over time, whereas, industrial production has high impact on emission in the short run which fades in the long run which is consistent with Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis. Carbon emission rising along with GDP per capita and at the same time having low impact in the long run on industrial index indicates there may be other sources of pollution introduced with the rise in income of the economy over time.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제8권5호
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• pp.21-27
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• 2021

The financial sector is one of the most important building blocks of the economy. When this sector efficiently implemented a well-crafted program on banking and financial system to translate financial activities to income-generating activity, economic growth will be realized. Hence, this study analyzed the effect of financial intermediation on economic growth and the existence of cointegrating relationship using time-series data from 1986 to 2015. The influence of financial intermediation in terms of bank credit to bank deposit ratio, private credit, and stock market capitalization and time trend to economic growth was estimated using ordinary least squares (OLS) multiple regression. The results showed that all the financial intermediation indicators and time trend exert significant effect on Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita. The positive sign of the time trend indicates that there is an upward trend in GDP per capita averaging approximately 0.06 percent annually. Furthermore, the cointegration test using the Johansen procedure revealed that there is a presence of long-term equilibrium relationship between financial intermediation and time trend and economic growth, and rules out spurious regression results. This study established the idea that financial intermediation in the Philippines has a significant and vital role in stimulating growth in the economy.

• 한국항공운항학회지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.106-110
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• 2021

In this study, the main factors affecting the number of passengers and cargo volume transported by air between Korea, China and Japan over the past 20 years are to be identified. For the analysis, data from three countries' GDP and per capita as well as exchange rates and international oil prices were used, and OLS multiple regression analysis and fixed effect analysis were performed. As a result of the analysis, both the number of passengers and cargo volume transported by air showed a negative (-) direction for GDP, which represents the country's economic power, and a positive (+) direction, for per capita GDP, which represents income level. And the increase in the exchange rate between China and Japan acted in a positive (+) direction on the increase in the number of passengers, and the effect of oil prices was found to be limited.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• 제46권1호
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• pp.53-89
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• 2024

The effects of the betterment of enforced intellectual property rights (IPRs) provisions on services export diversification are investigated. The analysis used an unbalanced panel dataset of 76 developing countries over the period of 1970-2014. The empirical analysis is based on the feasible generalized least squares estimator. It suggests that the implementation of weaker IPR protection fosters services export diversification in less developed countries (i.e., those whose real per capita incomes are less than US$US$ 1458.60), including those with a low level of export product upgrading. Conversely, in relatively advanced developing countries (countries whose real per capita income exceeds US$ 3356.80), including those with high levels of export product upgrading, the implementation of stronger IPR laws induces greater services export diversification. Finally, the analysis revealed the existence of a non-linear relationship between IPR protection and services export diversification. The implementation of stronger intellectual property laws spurs services export diversification in countries with high degree of IPR protection, especially when IPR protection exceeds a certain level, recorded here as having a score of 1.197. In contrast, in countries with weaker IPR protection, in particular those with IPR protection levels that score less than 0.915, it is rather the implementation of weaker intellectual property laws that promotes services export diversification.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제12권5호
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• pp.815-836
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• 1999

The role of animal agriculture for the quality of human life has always been emphasized during 20th century and it is expected to be even more important in terms of food supplies and in providing additional functions in the future. The world human population has almost tripled during a period of half century. The world population of animals has increased 2~3 times (6 times for chicken) during the last 60 years, and the total amount of livestock products has increased 5~6 times (more than 10 times in pork) with higher annual growth rate (9%) in developing countries. Increased personal income certainly encouraged demand for animal products over grains and lower animal production costs resulted from scientific and technological advances. Similarly the production of total grains has more than doubled owing to the advances in agricultural science during the later part of the 20th century. The average life span of world people in 1950s was only 46 years, which will be increased to almost 66 years in the year 2000. Present date clearly indicate that the life span of people is proportional to their income (GNP) and/or animal protein intake. Animals can provide other resources than foods. The increase of human population indicates that the number of animals as well as per capita consumption of animal products will be increased in the 21st century. The other resources we get from animals are drafts, packing, riding, hunting and herding. Guiding the blind, protection and companionship are also examples of what we can expect from animals. In the very near future, animals will become major donors of organs, skin and producers of drugs or special functional foods. It may be concluded that animals are very closely associated and related to the quality of human life, and they are expected to remain the same way in the 21st century.

• 한국융합학회논문지
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.9-17
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• 2016

본 연구는 한국과 중국 신용카드 시장의 사용현황을 분석하고, 신용카드 시장에서의 경제활동 추이도를 미래측정 알고리즘개발을 통해 측정하고자 하였다. 연구 결과 한국에서는 개인 소득증가와 신용카드 이용액 간에는 유의적인 상관관계가 없는 것으로 분석되었으며, 1인당 카드 보유수량과 신용카드 이용액 사이에는 상관관계가 있는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 중국에서는 개인의 소득증가가 신용카드 이용액에 영향을 미치는 것으로 분석되었고, 1인당 카드 보유수량과 신용카드 이용금액 사이에는 유의한 상관관계가 있음을 발견하였다. 또한, 추이도 관찰을 통해 외부환경에 제약이 없는 조건하에서 향후 5년간 중국의 신용카드 시장은 점진적으로 성장하며, 증가율 또한 점진적으로 증가할 것으로 예측할 수 있었다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.300-305
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• 1986

식생활개선(食生活改善)과 영양정책(榮養政策)의 기초자료(基礎資料)를 얻고자 1974년부터 1984년(年)까지 에너지원으로써 탄수화물(炭水化物)의 공급형태(供給形態) 및 각공급원(各供給源)의 에너지구성율(構成率)의 변화(變化)를 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 식품군별(食品群別) 에너지 공급비율(供給比率)은 1984년 곡류(穀類)가 70%를 차지하고 있다. 곡류(穀類)와 당류(黨類)는 공급(供給) 에너지 비율(比率)이 계속 감소하였으나 당류(糖類), 육류(肉類), 유지류(油脂類) 우유(牛乳) 및 난류(卵類)에 의한 에너지 공급비율(供給比率)이 2배 이상 증가를 보였다. 2. 에너지 공급원은 식물성(植物性) 식품(食品)이 90% 가량 차지하고 있으며 식물성(植物性) 식품(食品) 중(中)에는 전분성(澱粉性) 식품(食品)이 80% 이상을 점유하고 있다. 전분성(澱粉性) 식품(食品) 거의 곡류(穀類)로 전체공급(全體供給) 에너지중에도 1984년에 66% 가량을 차지하고 있다. 3. 각(各) 곡류(穀類)가 공급 에너지 중 차지하는 비율(比率)은 쌀, 밀, 보리의 순이며 쌀의 비율이 감소되고 있어도 아직 전공급(全供給) 에너지의 46%를 차지하고 있다. 보리의 비율(比率)은 급격히 감소하였지만 전분성(澱粉性) 식품(食品)에 의하여 공급(供給)된 에너지 중 곡류(穀類)의 비율(比率)은 거의 일정하였다. 4. 탄수화물(炭水化物)의 공급형태(供給形態)를 보면 전분성(澱粉性) 식품(食品)에 의한 에너지 공급은 서서히 감소하는 반면 정당(精糖)은 높은 증가율을 보였다. 과당(菓糖)과 갈국당(葛菊糖)의 생산량(生産量)도 꾸준히 증가하여 탄수화물(炭水化物)의 섭취가 과당류(菓糖類)로 변화(變化)되고 있었다.

• 디지털융복합연구
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• 제19권12호
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• pp.133-143
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• 2021

차터스쿨을 통한 혁신 사회 지속가능성에도 불구하고, 차터스쿨은 여전히 복잡한 정치 상황 아래에서 성장과 쇠퇴를 반복하고 있다. 2011경에 일어난 차터스쿨의 성장에도 불구하고, 이를 정치적인 관점에서 연구한 연구는 찾아 보기 힘들다. 따라서 정치제도와 정치시장 분석틀을 사용하여, 본 연구는 미국의 주정부 자료를 바탕으로 정치적 제도와 차터스쿨 성장과의 관계를 회귀분석을 활용하여 분석하였다. 그 결과 주지사의 소속정당은 차터스쿨의 수에 영향을 미치고 있었으며, 민영화지지 단체, 주지사의 소속정당과 1인당 소득은 차터스쿨의 집행 점수에 통계적으로 유의미한 관계를 나타냈다. 또한 주정부 내 교원 노동조합의 등록비율, 주지사의 소속정당과 1인당 소득은 차터스쿨의 보장된 재정지원에 영향을 미치는 중요한 요인으로 작용하였다. 결국, 본 연구의 결과를 통해 정치적 제도가 교육에 중요한 요소임을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 자원ㆍ환경경제연구
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.643-651
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• 2007

The Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis postulates an inverted-U shaped relationship between GDP per capita and various pollutants. Pollutants emission increases up to a certain level as income goes up; after that, it decreases. This paper investigates the relationship between industry pollutants taking industrial sulfur dioxide omission as example, and economic growth by using province-panel data set from 1989 to 2004 in 28 provinces of P. R. China. The result shows that the EKC hypothesis may be supported in the case of industrial sulfur dioxide, and the GDP per capital of turning point is about RMB 13,548 (at 1978 price). Except Shanghai, all the provinces GDP per capital in this study are less than RMB 13,548, indicating the amount of industrial sulfur dioxide emission will be increasing in the near future. To realize sustainable development and pollutants abatement, the central and local government should adopt an integrated strategy to protect environment.

• 디자인학연구
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.117-130
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• 2006

This paper analyzed the current status of universal design in the Republic of Korea (Korea) and Japan. In the case of Japan, the aged society or the super aged society has been preparing from 1985 when the aging rate was 10%. Japan's activity to prepare it became promoted during 1990's when per capita Gross National Income (GNI) was $$20,000{\sim}40,000$. In Korea, the preparation for the aging society such as physical environment, barrier free buildings or traffic systems, economic support and investigation or survey is not yet sufficient. Korea must start preparation for an aged society, possibly and quickly. And it needs to prepare until 2026, when the aging rate will be 20%. To prepare a barrier free and an aged society must consider both aging and economic status.