• Land and Housing Review
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.23-32
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• 2019

Vacuum Insulation Panel(VIP) has the lowest thermal conductivity among present insulations. It is composed of envelope, core material and getter. Aluminum film is usually used as the envelope of VIP, and it is important component to decide the useful life of VIP. In this research, the thermophysical properties of incombustible fiber glass core VIP were investigated with the possibility of its architectural applications. The results of this research can be summarized as follows: 1) The thermal conductivity of 20mm-thick fiber glass core VIP is resulted as 0.00177W/m·K, which means that 20mm-thick VIP can meet all the reinforced insulation guideline and it can be used in any envelope of any region in Korea. 2) As a result of the test of incombustion and gas toxicity, fiber glass core VIP was suitable for incombustible material. 3) As the test result for the long term thermal conductivity, fiber glass core VIP was found out that it would keep above 10 times insulating performance than polystyrene foam and glass fiber. 4) To meet the thermal transmittance of 0.12W/㎡K, limited-combustible insulation of expanded polystyrene foam and phenolic foam should be used respectively as thick as above 280mm and 170mm, incombustible VIP can meet the same insulation level with 20mm thickness. 5) The price competitiveness of incombustible VIP to meet the thermal transmittance of 0.12W/㎡·K was about 1,500won/㎡ higher than that of phenolic foam.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.99-106
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• 2011

Experiments of Cone calorimeter test and Lift spread flame apparatus test are carried out in order to appraise fire hazard in color nonwoven used mostly on the spot in construction works. As the result, in color nonwoven combustibility is discovered not firing flame in surface, but firing under state of combustible gas occuring in the state of melting. In the case of Lift spread flame apparatus test, color nonwoven is very brittle which almost no flame spread owing to contracting and break by firing strength. The following data are agree with basis: total heat release is 2.66 MJ/$m^2$, limited combustible material (10 min) of incombustible rating appraisal in interior material of building, and incombustible materials (5 min) 8 MJ/$m^2$ in spite of the above data mentioned, those data are only as basis of interior finish, and so I cannot judge color nonwoven have incombustible rating retain through the above data. Accordingly, the basis of incombustible rating and experiment method about exterior finish must be arranged also.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.61-66
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• 2015

PVC pipe has excellent corrosion resistance and chemical resistance and is broadly used. However there are no regulations regarding exposed piping material in buildings. There is growing concern about the vulnerability of piping to fires and generating toxic gas. Exposed piping should be made of incombustible materials to prevent spreading of toxic gas and to minimize damage to life and property in case of fire. Many big structures are being built, and concerns regarding damage by fire are continuously growing. In these circumstances, we should reinforce fire safety standards for buildings and heighten safety consciousness to become a well-developed country. For these reasons, we investigated the materials used for exposed piping and the standards of well-developed countries to enhance safety. We tried to figure out the alternatives by examining the actual conditions of each region's buildings. Based on the use of incombustible materials for exposed piping in each region, we tried to enhance the effectiveness for safety by suggesting revisions for related laws and regulations.

• Journal of the Korea Safety Management & Science
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2010

Recently, in circumstantial situation it is recommended positively to utilize of EIFS(Exterior Insulating and Finishing System) as energy policy for economizing energy. But internal EPS insulators of EIFS are exterior panel of high fire risk, because of constituting of flammable materials to be fragile in fire. In this study, fire risk is assessed by experiment Con Calorimeter test and SBI(Single Burning Item) test. As the result of experiment, Con Calorimeter tests do not reach to capability standard of internal incombustible grade, and are assessed as low grade in SBI incombustible grade. Because EIPS is exterior material in buildings with high fire risk in spite of good efficiency, it is required rapidly to take measures to meet situation through various studies(for instance, adjusting law regulation, etc.) in the future.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.84-90
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• 2015

Multi-layered material (sandwich panel) consists of double-sided steel plate which is incombustible material or similar material and core material which is not incombustible material. In case of sandwich panel which uses combustible material as insulation, flames spread inside the steel plate at the time of fire so that it is difficult to extinguish fire from the outside and flames spread rapidly and may cause the building to collapse. The current Building Act requires the sandwich panel to secure fire-retardant performance according to the purpose and size of building. In this study, the fire spreading prevention structure applied to partial exterior walls was applied to multi-layered material and its effect was measured through full scale fire test and the possibility to secure fire safety of buildings by applying the fire spreading prevention structure to multi-layered material in future was presented.

• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 2010.06a
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• pp.1768-1773
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• 2010

CEN/TS 45545 is Europe consolidation standard for fire safety on railway behicles. This is based on the International Union of Railways(UIC) and different European countries. It is intended to protect passengers and staff in railway in the event of a fire on board. It will be prepared in 2012. Based on this consolidate standard, they are going to make single market, for raising technical competitiveness, technical innovation and globalization of that standard. For this reason, European academies, manufacturers, and sub-manufacturers confer and stady animated about CEN/TS 45545. In Korea, get out the safety assessment for ues incombustible interior material, the needs of quantitative analysis on fire protection, demand on recognition of fire protection scenario, and define about fire load analysis are becomin more and more important. Therefore, this paper will estimate and compare Flammability, Smoke Density, Toxicity Index( this is the key point for appraised fire safety performance of material) between CEN/TS45545 and fire standards on railway vehicle. Then suggest criteria for fire safety on railway vehicles.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.45-54
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• 2003

The effects of binder content and silica sand content on the durability characteristics of lightweight polymer concretes are examined. As a result, the flame lingering times using unsaturated polyester resin and non-combustible polyester resin were 60∼120 and 0∼4 seconds respectively, and the combustion lengths were 9∼11 mm and 0∼3 mm, respectively. Thus it is believed that the lightweight polymer concrete was incombustible and the light weight polymer concrete in which non-combustible material was added was perfectly non-combustible. The percent of original mass of lightweight polymer concrete, according to the freezing-thawing experiment, was below 0.3 %, which was much less than that of cement concrete. The pluse velocity, for the case of the binder content 28 %, showed the minimum decreasing rate for the lightweight polymer concrete with silica sand content of 50 %. The higher the binder content, the greater the durability. That is much higher than other material and believed that the freezing-thawing was suppressed by a low absorption.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.14 no.10
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• pp.919-928
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• 2005

This study introduces the development of new supercritical water oxidation(SCW)(multiple step oxidation) to destruct recalcitrant organic substances totally and safely by using sodium nitrate as an oxidant. This method has solved the problems of conventional SCW, such as precipitation of salt due to lowered permittivity, pressure increase following rapid rise of reaction temperature, and corrosion of reactor due to the generation of strong acid. Destruction condition and rate in the supercritical water were examined using Polyvinyl Chloride(PVC) and ion exchange resins as organic substances. The experiment was carried out at $450^{\circ}C$ for 30min, which is relatively lower than the temperature for supercritical water oxidation $(600-650^{\circ}C)$. The decomposition rates of various incombustible organic substances were very high [PVC$(87.5\%)$, Anion exchange resin$(98.6\%)$, Cationexchange resin$(98.0\%)$]. It was observed that hetero atoms existed in organic compounds and chlorine was neutralized by sodium (salt formation). However, relatively large amount of sodium nitrate (4 equivalent) was required to raise the decomposition ratio. For complete oxidation of PCB was intended, the amount of oxidizer was an important parameter.

• Proceedings of the Korean Environmental Sciences Society Conference
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• 2005.05a
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• pp.267-271
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• 2005

This experiment was carried out at 450"C, which is relatively lower than the temperature for supercritical water oxidation (600-650$^{\circ}C$). In this experiment, the decomposition rates of various incombustible organic substances were very high. In addition, it was confirmed that hetero atoms existed in organic compounds and chlorine was neutralized by sodium(salt formation).However, to raise the decomposition rate, relatively large amount of sodium nitrate(3-4 times the equivalent weight) was required. When complete oxidation is intended as in the case with PCB, the amount of oxidizer and decomposition cost is important. But when vaporization reduction is required as in the case with nuclear wastes, the amount of radioactive wastes increases instead. But as can be seen in the result of XRD measurement, unreacted sodium nitrate remained unchanged. If oxidation reaction of organic substance simply depends on collision frequency, unreacted sodium nitrate can be recovered and reused, then oxidation equivalent weight would be sufficient. In the gas generated, toxic gas was not found. As the supercritical water medium has high reactivity, it is difficult to generate relatively low energy level SO$_{X}$, and NO$_{X}$.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.35-41
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• 2003

The objective of this study was investigate the generation rates, composition, proportion and calorific values each of material in the municipal solid wastes as well as the effect of incineration residual leachate on the environment in Yangsan sanitary landfill site. The results were as follows ; The annual average generation rate of municipal solid wastes in Yang-san is approximately 2.0 kg/cㆍd. The weight percent of combustible matters is on average 78∼87% and the lower heating values of municipal solid wastes is measured to be more than 2,151 kcal/kg after removing the briquette component. The food waste was major source of solid wastes in Yang-san city as 35% and its variation by seasons was negligible. Combustible part was larger than incombustible part of the domestic solid wastes in spring and summer. It is recommended that municipal solid wastes be treated by multiple methods such as the sanitary landfill, resources and recovery, composting and incineration.