• 한국환경보건학회지
• /
• 제47권1호
• /
• pp.20-35
• /
• 2021

Objectives: Waste treatment by incineration is gradually increasing as the emission of harmful substances has decreased owing to developments in incineration technology. However, residents living near incinerators continue to express anxiety regarding the effects on their health. Therefore, we attempted to summarize the health impact of incinerators by comprehensively reviewing the recently reported literature. Methods: Sixty-two epidemiological research papers related to incineration and health effects were selected from the Google Scholar database and analyzed (from between January 2001 and December 2019). Results: When compared to older incinerators, newer incinerators established after 2000 are considered relatively safe in terms of health effects. Nevertheless, there have been some studies that have linked them to various diseases, such as malignant tumors including soft tissue cancer and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, reproductive disorders, respiratory diseases, and more. In addition, incinerator workers and local residents are considered to be exposed to dioxins and some heavy metals from the incinerator. Since most studies included subjects exposed to older incinerators, it is difficult to apply these results to the health impact assessment of new incinerators. However, it is not appropriate to conclude that new incinerators made with state-of-the-art technology are safe, as chronic environmental diseases caused by hazardous substances tend to appear only after prolonged exposure. Conclusions: In terms of environmental health, it is necessary to continuously monitor the health effects of incinerators. Also, there is a need to develop a research methodology that can minimize various confounders in incineration-related epidemiological study.

• Environmental Engineering Research
• /
• 제12권2호
• /
• pp.55-63
• /
• 2007

PCDD/Fs monitoring was carried out to estimate the contamination level in soil samples taken in the vicinity of the various incinerators throughout South Korea from July 2003 to December 2004. The levels ranged from N.D. to 130.39 pg I-TEQ/g (d.w.) with an average concentration of 11.38 pg I-TEQ/g (d.w.). The level of PCDD/Fs in this study is similar to that of other countries. Overall, the highest mean concentration in the soil was found at 250 m from the stack. In addition, the flue gases were analyzed in order to obtain the congener profiles of the PCDD/Fs emitted from the incinerators. The concentration of I-TEQ in the flue gas ranged from 0.33 to 21.5 ng TEQ/$Sm^3$. These levels were much lower than the concentration stipulated in the Korean emission criterion(40 ng TEQ/$Sm^3$ until 2005). The comparison of the congener patterns using cluster analysis showed that the incinerators and PCP are sources of PCDD/Fs in the soil samples according to the sampling point, but the possibility of unidentified combustion sources and vehicles exists in the case of complex industrial regions.

• 한국대기환경학회지
• /
• 제23권2호
• /
• pp.183-190
• /
• 2007

In this study, we have investigated waste incinerators which are one of the major HAPs emission sources. In order to obtain more reliable HAPs emission data from waste incinerators, direct sampling for the possible pollutants from the stack was carried out and the analysis was performed. The purpose of study was to understand the emission status from waste incinerators and recognize the problems and finally to set up a strategy to reduce the HAPs emissions from waste incinerators. The emission concentrations of 8 species of heavy metals and 16 species of PAHs have been analyzed for the first time in Korea. Not only the emission characteristics of HAPs from waste incinerators were identified, but also the analysis of reduction efficiencies for control devices such as BF and wet scrubbing systems was carried out.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
• /
• 제36권4호
• /
• pp.314-322
• /
• 2003

Objectives : In this study, the exposure status of the hazardous substances from incinerators, such as polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), were studied , and the relationship between the exposure of these hazardous substances and their heath effects on the workers and residents near municipal solid waste (MSW) incinerators and an industrial incinerator investigated. Methods : Between July 2001 and Jure 2002, 13 workers at two MSW incinerators, 16 residents from the area around the two MSW incinerators, 6 residents from the control area, and further 10 residents near an industrial incinerator, estimated to emit higher levels of hazardous substances, were interviewed. Information, including sociodemographic information, personal habits, and work history, detailed gynecologic and other medical history were collected through interviews. Blood samples were also collected from 45 subjects, and analyzed for PCDD/DFs, by high resolution gas chromatography -high resolution mass spectrometry, using the US EPA 1613 method. In addition to the questionnaire survey, urinary concentrations of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured as oxidative injury biomarkers. The urinary concentrations of 8-OH-dG were determined by in vitro ELISA, and the MDA by HPLC, using u adduct with thiobarbituric acid. Results : The PCDD/DFs concentrations in the residents near the industrial incinerator were higher than those in the controls, workers and residents near the MSW incinerators. The average TEQ (Toxic Equivalencies) concentrations of the PCDD/DFs in residents near the industrial incinerator were 53.4pg I-TEQs/g lipid. The estimated daily intakes were within the tolerable daily intake range (1-4 pg I-TEQ/Kg bw/day) suggested by WHO (1997) in only 30% to the people near the industrial incinerator. Animal studies have already shown that even a low body border of PCDD/DFs, such as 10 ng TEQ/kg bw, can cause oxidative damage in laboratory animals. Our study also showed that the same body burden of PCDD/DFs can cause oxidative damage to humans. Conclusions : The exposures to PCDD/DFs and the oxidative stress of residents near the industrial incinerator, were higher than those in the controls, workers and residents near the MSW incinerators. Proper protection strategies against these hazardous chemicals are needed. Because a lower body burden of PCDD/Fs, such as 10ng TEQ/kg bw, can cause oxidative damage, the tolerable daily intake range should be restrictedly limited to 1pg I-TEQ/kg bw/day.

• 대한환경공학회지
• /
• 제27권11호
• /
• pp.1205-1214
• /
• 2005

본 논문은 중소형 규모의 도시고형 폐기물소각시설 배가스의 수은, 납, 비소, 셀렌과 같은 휘발성중금속의 방출특성을 조사하는데 있다. 대체로, 소형 도시고형 폐기물소각시설에서 배출되는 수은, 납, 비소, 셀렌이 중형 소각시설에서 배출되는 것 보다 높게 나타났다. 이는 중형소각시설에 비하여 소형소각시설의 빈약한 대기오염제어장치의 가동과 높은 배가스 온도에 기인하는 것으로 판단된다. 중소형 소각시설의 배가스 온도는 2개의 온도그룹으로 나누어지는 것을 확인할 수 있다. 첫 번째 온도그룹은 대략 $100^{\circ}C$이고, 두 번째 온도그룹은 $400{\sim}700^{\circ}C$ 정도였다. 2번째 그룹에서의 배가스 중 수은, 납, 비소, 셀렌은 각각 $70.43\;{\mu}g/Sm^3$, $0.94\;{\mu}g/Sm^3$, $9.83\;{\mu}g/Sm^3$, $5.05\;{\mu}g/Sm^3$였다. 첫 번째 온도그룹에서 배가스의 수은, 납, 비소 셀렌은 두 번째 온도그룹의 것보다 낮은 특징을 가지고 있다. 한편, 중형소각시설에서의 수은제거효율은 $55.16{\sim}95.89%$로 나타났다. 이러한 수은의 감소는 폐열보일러의 온도저감이 기여를 하고 있었다. 상기 결과로, 중소형 소각시설에서 휘발성 중금속 제어에 중요한 역할을 하는 것은 배가스의 온도가 큰 역할을 한다. 따라서, 휘발성 중금속의 제거효율을 개선하기 위해서는, 냉각시스템의 온도가 제어되고 대기오염제어장치가 잘 운영되어야 한다.

• 한국대기환경학회지
• /
• 제18권6호
• /
• pp.539-546
• /
• 2002

The physicochemical properties of solid wastes generated from seven highway service areas, four branch offices, and one construction site were analyzed in concert with air pollutants including heavy metals emitted from near-by small-scale incinerators. The amount of solid wastes generated from highway areas has been increasing with recent increases in the number of highways and passengers. Twelve incinerators examined in this study generally had capacity smaller than 100 kg/hr, most of which were equipped with cyclone for dust removal. It was seen that the concentrations of the gas-phase air pollutants (e.g., SO$_2$, NO$_{x}$, HCl and H$_2$S) were above the acceptable emission standards except one or two sites. CO concentrations at all incinerators were also higher due to incomplete combustion. In addition, particulate matters showed concentration six times higher at their maximum. The results of heavy metal analysis showed that the concentrations of Cu, Cd, and Ni satisfied the emission standards. whereas Pb at one site and Zn at five sites exceeded the standards. Cr measurement results indicated that 9 of 12 incinerators had higher values than the standard; especially one branch office showed nine times higher than normal concentration. In order to satisfy more stringent emission standards in the near future, it is necessary to install air pollution control system and to develop an intensified management plan.n.

• 분석과학
• /
• 제22권2호
• /
• pp.119-127
• /
• 2009

폐기물공정시험법과 내분비계 장애물질 시험방법을 이용하여 사업장폐기물소각재 24건 및 생활 쓰레기소각재 20건에 대하여 잔류성 유기오염물질의 분포특성을 확인하였다. 12종류의 잔류성 유기오염 물질중에서 7종을 GC-MSD (SIM-mode)로 정량분석을 하였다. 총 44건의 시료 중 21 시료에서 헥사클로로벤젠이 검출되었으며, 나머지는 모두 불검출이었다. 헥사클로로벤젠은 사업장폐기물의 소각재에서는 0.132-8.138 ng/g, 비산재에서는 0.195-5.765 ng/g, 그리고 생활쓰레기 소각장의 소각재에서는 0.270-1.828 ng/g, 비산재에서는 0.154-50.643 ng/g 정도로 각각 검출되었다.

• 분석과학
• /
• 제18권5호
• /
• pp.419-424
• /
• 2005

최근 환경 잔류성 유기오염 물질과 내분비계 장애물질로 지정된 다이옥신은 가장 중요한 환경 물질로 취급되어 인체위해성 평가, 배출 오염원 측정 및 분석 방법, 저감대책, 환경에의 농도 및 영향 평가를 위한 다양한 연구가 수행되고 있다. 폐기물 소각 등 모든 연소과정에서 주로 생성된 후 대기 순환 등을 통하여 환경 중에 확산된 다이옥신 등은 토양에 축적된다. 본 연구에서는 산업 폐기물 소각장 배출 가스, 생활 쓰레기 소각장 배출 가스 및 대기 그리고 토양의 시료로부터 다이옥신의 이성질체 분포에 대한 상관성을 비교하였다. PCDDs와 PCDFs를 OCDD를 기준으로 하여 그 비율에 기초하여 곡선을 작성하여 그 형태로부터 유사성을 비교한 결과 산업 폐기물 소각장 배출 가스와 대기 중에서의 이성질체 분포 곡률과 비율이 거의 일치함을 볼 수 있다. PCDDs와 PCDFs의 결과를 비교하였을 때 서로 유사한 곡률과 비율에 대한 결론을 나타내었으며 따라서 환경 중에 노출되는 다이옥신은 생활 쓰레기 소각장 배출 가스보다는 산업 폐기물 소각장 배출가스에 좀 더 의존적임을 알 수 있었다. 토양 시료의 경우 농약 등 다른 오염원의 가능성 및 자연 분해 정도를 배제할 수는 없지만 곡률의 형태는 배출가스들과 유사함을 보여 토양 오염 또한 소각장 배출 가스들에 기인함을 유추할 수 있었다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
• /
• 제33권3호
• /
• pp.217-226
• /
• 2007

The purpose of this study is to estimate the emission factor of $non-CO_2$ global warming gases such as $N_2O$ and $CH_4$ by measuring concentrations from stacks of waste incinerators and cement production plants. Based on the established monitoring methods, $N_2O$ concentration measured from stacks in incinerator were between 0.62 and $40.60\;ppm_v$ (ave. $11.50\;ppm_v$). The concentration of $N_2O$ was dependent on the incinerator types. However, the concentrations of $CH_4$ gas were between 2.65 and $5.68\;ppm_v$ (ave. $4.22\;ppm_v$), and did not show the dependency on the incinerator types. In the cement production plant, the concentration ranges of $N_2O$ from the stack were from 6.90 to $10.80\;ppm_v$ (ave. $8.60\;ppm_v$), and $CH_4$ were between 1.80 and $2.20\;ppm_v$ (ave. $2.60\;ppm_v$). Using measured concentrations, the emission amounts of $N_2O$ and $CH_4$ from stacks per year were calculated. The results were is 4.2 ton $N_2O/yr$ in the incinerators, and 53.7 ton $N_2O/yr$ in the cement facilities. The big difference is from the flow rate of flue gas in the cement facilities compared to the incinerators. By the same reason, the $CH_4$ emission amounts in cement plant and incinerator was found to be 339 ton $CO_2/yr$ and 34.1 ton $CO_2/yr$, respectively. Finally, the emission factor of $N_2O$ in the incinerators were calculated using the measured concentration and the amount of incinerated wastes, and was $42.5\sim799.1\;g/ton$ in kiln and stoker type, $11.9\sim79.9\;g/ton$ in stoker type, 90.1 ton/g in rotary kiln type, 174.9 g/ton in fluidized bed type, and 63.8 g/ton in grate type, respectively. Also, the emission factors of $CH_4$ were found to 65.2-91.3 g/ton in kiln/stoker type, 73.9-122 g/ton in stoker type, 109.5 g/ton rotary kiln, and 26.1 g/ton in fluidized bed type. This result indicates that the emission factor in incinerators is strongly dependent on the incinerator types, and matched with result of IPCC (International Panel on Climate Change) guideline.

• 한국대기환경학회지
• /
• 제20권2호
• /
• pp.205-213
• /
• 2004

The emission characteristics of mercury in waste incinerators were investigated to get basic data for the policy development on the emission reduction of mercury (Hg). For the study several important factors were analysed from 4 incinerators such as mercury concentration, emission factors and removal rate for control devices. The results are listed below. Mercury concentrations in the flue gas were 0.39～5.96 $\mu\textrm{g}$/S㎥ in MWI and 2.5～8.8 $\mu\textrm{g}$/S㎥ in IWI. The distributions of gaseous and particulate mercury in flue gas were above 99% and below 1 %, respectively. Therefore, in order to remove mercury effectively, it is important to control the gaseous mercury. Mercury concentrations in fly ash collected from control device were found as 16.2～35.6 mg/kg- ash in FF of MWI. Also mercury concentrations at the front and back point of control device of MWI were 33.45～62.65 $\mu\textrm{g}$/S㎥ and 0.88～3.49 $\mu\textrm{g}$/S㎥, respectively. Emission factors were estimated as 3.67～11.67 mg/ton in FF, 2.6～24.5 mg/ton in MWI with SNCR, SDR and FF, 54.9～192.7 mg/ton in IWI with Cyclone and FF. Emissions from Municipal Waste Incinerator were found both in minimum and maximum ranges. Annual mercury emissions emitted from MWI was estimated as 20.0 kg (6.0～33.9 kg).