• Journal of Labour Economics
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.1-23
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• 2010

Extension of mandatory retirement age (MRA) differs from other labor supply increases in that it induces a change in the incentive to save for retirement. A simple general equilibrium model indicates that extension of MRA can lead to a decrease in life-time income and social welfare as it excessively discourages domestic savings and thus capital accumulation. However, in an open economy where capital inflow allows capital input in production to remain constant despite lower domestic capital stock, extension of MRA likely increases worker welfare. In such case, extension of MRA can contribute to expansion of hiring demands through lowering wages or mitigating upward pressures on wages.

• Hwankyungkyoyuk
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.65-81
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• 2010

Universities which have taken an important role to develop the human resources, became one of emitters of greenhouse gases, they need to find a way to reduce global warming gases through reduction of energy consumption. This study is intented to propose a solution that can reduce the greenhouse gases at universities located in Korea. To conduct this study, we have chosen a university at Wonju in Kangwon province for a case study and investigated the emissions of carbon dioxide from campus facilities and residential area. The data has become a footstone to estimate the assumed amount of carbon emission for top 23 energy consumption universities in Korea. We calculate the amount for carbon emission, not only for facilities in campus, but also for residential buildings, amount for emission is increased severely by showing $9780.94tCO_2$, which is 2.1 times more than average amount for emission of greenhouse gases researched in existing statistics. Universities have difficulty in introducing new energy generation system, as having been done business companies or other commercial facilities but they are required to introduce some educational methods since it is a academic space. Incentive to universities reducing carbon emission in campus is a system to provide incentives with students, professors, administrative personnels and others in campus as a compensation for their efforts to save energy. It is needed to establish the infrastructures for measuring energy consumption in campus.

• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.58 no.1
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• pp.28-34
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• 2009

In this study firstly we survey the calculation method and the characteristics of the way of estimating CBL(Customer BaseLine Load) that is important calculation tool for DRP internationally. Also we analyze the power consumption pattern using the 15 minutes load profiles of about 120,000 customers in domestic. Based on this pattern, we provide the CBL calculation method that can be utilized in DRP to save the cost, and analyze the accuracy of the CBL calculation proposed in this paper through the simulation.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.107-121
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• 1992

Moonlighting or second-jobs will increase shirking of the primary job. This paper analyzes the motives for moonlighting so that the means of reducing these motives could be explored. The traditional theory claims that a worker who cannot fully realize his work potential will look to moonlighting. In a two-period model, however, the following motives are more important. The precautionary savings motive : A worker has an incentive to save for fear of losing his job and his income in the second period. The worker could save more by working more during the first period, and this additional motive for working is the precautionary savings motive. The insurance motive : When a worker is unemployed, he cannot expand his moonlighting hours according to his needs since the moonlighting hour is upward rigid. Therefore, a worker has an incentive to secure additional moonlighting hours in the first period so that quick adjustment can be made during the unemployment in the second period. Two policy measures to remove those motives for moonlighting are recommended, for these measures will enhance the productivity in the primary job. First, a firm should guarantee that there will be no layoffs in a downturn in the economy and that the employment level is adjusted to the economic states by work sharing among workers. Second, as unemployment insurance benefits compensate a portion of the income in case of unemployment, it substitutes the motives for moonlighting. A generalization of this argument can be found in Ehrlich and Becker(1972) where self-insurance(moonlighting) and market insurance(in this case, unemployment insurance) serves as substitutes. The two policy measures in the above have a spill-over effect : A decrease of labor supply in the moonlighting market will ease job search, and therefore will help those who have their primary job in the moonlighting sector.

• Journal of the Korean Solar Energy Society
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.64-71
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• 2014

This study is to perform economic analysis of a PVT-GSHP (Photovoltaic Thermal-Ground Source Heat Pump) system compared to the conventional system which consists of a boiler and a chiller. This research has simulated, developed and analyzed four systems for application in a residential and an office building which was based on the hourly EPI (Energy Performance Index, $kWh/m^2yr$). Case 1 includes a boiler and a chiller to meet heating and cooling demands for a house. Case 2 is the same conventional system as Case 1 for a office. Case 3 is simple summation of Case 1 and 2. And Case 4 is utilizing a PVT-GSHP to meet the combined loads of the house and office. The economic evaluation study was based on IEA ECBCS Annex 54 subtasks C economic assessment methods. This study indicated that PVT-GSHP system can save a building's energy up to 53.9%. Also the SPB (Simple Payback) of the PVT-GSHP system with 0%, 50% initial incentive was 14.5, 6.7 year respectively.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.12 no.10
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• pp.97-108
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to seek for solutions of activating convention hotels entering to the newly created market, focused on the case study of the convention hotel in KangwonLand in the competitive MICE environment. According to the analysis for reception setup for MICE, it is urgently required to improve shopping facilities, securing manpower, the accessibilities in KangwonLand convention hotel. This study suggests several ways to identify differentiation such as facilities discriminations, reasonable prices when holding conventions/events. It is also proposed that there is a need to focus incentive tour when marketing. To succeed in hosting events of MICE at the convention hotel, it appears to be considered to host large scale of domestic or overseas events, to measure reasonable room rates, promote niche market through middle or small scale events, attract customers to revisit and save transportation costs for participants. From the study, it is expected to find efficient ways to activate convention hotels through MICE market entry.

• Korea Journal of Hospital Management
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.1-23
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• 2003

General drug prices involve three stages: shipment stage, wholesaler stage and retail stage. Policies on drug price differ from country to country. Shipment stage prices are tightly regulated in countries like France and Netherlands. They are free in only a minority of advanced countries, even if these include some major players such as the US, Germany and, in a very limited sense, Japan. The situation in the UK is very complex with a semi-free system, where drug companies are free to set their own prices but cannot exceed a predetermined profit ceiling. Mark-up at both wholesaler and retail stages is formally admitted in most countries observed. Apart from the general drug prices, reimbursement price of insured drugs has been major policy concerns. Most countries reviewed in this study has exerted some control over reimbursement prices, but differ both in the way how and in the extent to which prices are admitted or fixed. Price fixing has been used in France and Japan. Some countries have transformed their system over time, particularly to move to reference pricing in the last decade. This mechanism has empowered the customer, and improved price competition on the market. Referring to the drug price policies in the advanced countries, this study makes some suggestions for the redirection of Korean price policy for reimbursement drug in health insurance as follows: to match appropriate policy tools to each policy goal; to maximize market mechanism through effective reimbursement price fixing which admits mark-ups in wholesaler and retail prices; to introduce reference pricing system in order to redirect patient's demand with a financial incentive to choose the best-priced drugs and to save the finance of health insurance; and to strengthen surveillance and monitoring mechanism in the drug market.