• Title/Summary/Keyword: Inbreeding Depression

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Negative Effects of Inbreeding of Artificially Bottlenecked Drosophila melanogaster Populations

  • Kim, Baek-Jun
    • Proceedings of the National Institute of Ecology of the Republic of Korea
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    • v.2 no.2
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    • pp.108-113
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    • 2021
  • Detrimental effects of inbreeding have been studied by many researchers for a long time. However, only a few studies have shown the occurrence of inbreeding depression due to evolutionary changes as a purging process. In this study, two different populations (inbreeding and outbreeding) of Drosophila melanogaster were compared to assess inbreeding effects on artificial population bottlenecks. For inbreeding conditions, a couple of D. melanogaster (one virgin and one male) were selected from an inbred population and cultured in a vial. For outbreeding conditions, a couple of D. melanogaster were selected from different populations and cultured in a vial. There were significant differences in body lengths of adults, but not in other parameters such as the total number of adults, the rate of survival, and the rate of wing mutants. The mean body length of adults of outbreeding populations was longer than that of inbreeding populations in the first generation (G1; P = 0.004), but not in the second generation (G2; P = 0.066). Although the other three parameters (total number of adults, rate of survival, and rate of wing mutants) showed differences in their mean values between inbreeding and outbreeding populations, these differences were not statistically significant. This might be due to genetic purging. This study demonstrated one additional experimental case related to inbreeding depression in artificial bottlenecked populations. Further studies are necessary to confirm the clear interaction between inbreeding depression and genetic purging using more generations and replicates (or samples) of D. melanogaster.

Influence of Inbreeding Depression on Genetic (Co)Variance and Sire-by-Year Interaction Variance Estimates for Weaning Weight Direct-Maternal Genetic Evaluation

  • Lee, C.;Pollak, E.J.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • v.10 no.5
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    • pp.510-513
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    • 1997
  • This study examined the effects of ignoring inbreeding depression on (co)variance components for weaning weight through the use of Monte Carlo simulation. Weaning weight is of particular interest as a trait for which additive direct and maternal genetic components exist and there then is the potential for a direct-maternal genetic covariance. Ignoring inbreeding depression in the analytical model (.8 kg reduction of phenotypic value per 1% inbreeding) led to biased estimates of all genetic (co) variance components, all estimates being larger than the true values of the parameters. In particular, a negative bias in the direct-maternal genetic covariance was observed in analyses that ignored inbreeding depression. A small spurious sire-by-year interaction variance was also observed.

Inbreeding depression of Pacific abalone, Haliotis discus hannai by inbreeding mating experiments (근친교배에 의한 북방전복 (Haliotis discus hannai)의 근교약세 현상)

  • Park, Choul Ji;Nam, Won Shik;Lee, Myeong Seok;Kang, Ji-Yun;Kim, Kyung Kil
    • The Korean Journal of Malacology
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    • v.30 no.4
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    • pp.415-419
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    • 2014
  • Inbreeding depression may be an avoidable phenomenon for abalone culture. However, only a few studies were carried out on inbreeding depression. In the present study, to demonstrate inbreeding depression in growth trait of Pacific abalone, H. discus hannai, inbreeding and outbreeding families were produced in 2010. Inbred and outbred families from each experiment were reared in same tank until 10 month for the same breed environment. The individual of inbred and outbred were distinguished by paternity test using microsatellite DNA. The shell length between inbred and outbred families was compared. At the results, significantly higher shell length was observed in the outbred families at 10 mon (P < 0.05). These results indicate that inbreeding depression is obviously observed in growth traits in the first generation of full-sib family of the H. discus hannai.

Effects of inbreeding depression on litter size of Korean native pig (국내 품종 재래돼지 산자수에 대한 근친퇴화 효과)

  • Kim, Young-Sin;Cho, Kyu-Ho;Lee, Mi-Jin;Kim, Jeong-A;Cho, Eun-Seok;Hong, Joon-Ki
    • Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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    • v.20 no.6
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    • pp.514-520
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    • 2019
  • The reduction in performance due to inbreeding (i.e. inbreeding depression) has long been documented in plant and animal populations. The population of Korean native pigs are small and this breed is valuable in Korea.. This study was aimed to investigate effects of inbreeding depression on total number of piglets born (TNB) and number of piglets born alive (NBA) in Korean native pigs. We used 2,806 pedigree and 303 sows's data with 483 phenotypic records. After estimating genetic parameters for each traits, inbreeding depression was estimated using a mixed model in which the inbreeding coefficient was included as a covariate. Korean native pigs had high heritability for each traits. Inbreeding coefficient constantly increased from 1998 to 2017~2018 but there is no reduction for each traits in 2017~2018 in compared with those in 1998. Significant inbreeding depression was detected for TNB (p=0.03) but not for NBA (p=0.41). In addition there are significantly positive interactions between inbreeding coefficient and breeding value for both traits (p<0.05). These results suggest that Korean native pigs are still having genetic variation for TNB and NBA, which could overcome reproductive risks from inbreeding coefficient increase.

Inbreeding affected differently on observations distribution of a growth trait in Iranian Baluchi sheep

  • Binabaj, Fateme Bahri;Farhangfar, Seyyed Homayoun;Jafari, Majid
    • Animal Bioscience
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    • v.34 no.4
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    • pp.506-515
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    • 2021
  • Objective: Initial consequence of inbreeding is inbreeding depression which impairs the performance of growth, production, health, fertility and survival traits in different animal breeds and populations. The effect of inbreeding on economically important traits should be accurately estimated. The effect of inbreeding depression on growth traits in sheep has been reported in many breeds. Based on this, the main objective of the present research was to evaluate the impact of inbreeding on some growth traits of Iranian Baluchi sheep breed using quantile regression model. Methods: Pedigree and growth traits records of 13,633 Baluchi lambs born from year 1989 to 2016 were used in this research. The traits were birth weight, weaning weight, six-month weight, nine-month weight, and yearling weight. The contribution, inbreeding and co-ancestry software was used to calculate the pedigree statistics and inbreeding coefficients. To evaluate the impact of inbreeding on different quantiles of each growth trait, a series of quantile regression models were fitted using QUANTREG procedure of SAS software. Annual trend of inbreeding was also estimated fitting a simple linear regression of lamb's inbreeding coefficient on the birth year. Results: Average inbreeding coefficient of the population was 1.63 percent. Annual increase rate of inbreeding of the flock was 0.11 percent (p<0.01). The results showed that the effect of inbreeding in different quantiles of growth traits is not similar. Also, inbreeding affected differently on growth traits, considering lambs' sex and type of birth. Conclusion: Quantile regression revealed that inbreeding did not have similar effect on different quantiles of growth traits in Iranian Baluchi lambs indicating that at a given age and inbreeding coefficient, lambs with different sex and birth type were not equally influenced by inbreeding.

Identification of genes involved in inbreeding depression of reproduction in Langshan chickens

  • Xue, Qian;Li, Guohui;Cao, Yuxia;Yin, Jianmei;Zhu, Yunfen;Zhang, Huiyong;Zhou, Chenghao;Shen, Haiyu;Dou, Xinhong;Su, Yijun;Wang, Kehua;Zou, Jianmin;Han, Wei
    • Animal Bioscience
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    • v.34 no.6
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    • pp.975-984
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    • 2021
  • Objective: Inbreeding depression of reproduction is a major concern in the conservation of native chicken genetic resources. Here, based on the successful development of strongly inbred (Sinb) and weakly inbred (Winb) Langshan chickens, we aimed to evaluate inbreeding effects on reproductive traits and identify candidate genes involved in inbreeding depression of reproduction in Langshan chickens. Methods: A two-sample t-test was performed to estimate the differences in phenotypic values of reproductive traits between Sinb and Winb chicken groups. Three healthy chickens with reproductive trait values around the group mean values were selected from each of the groups. Differences in ovarian and hypothalamus transcriptomes between the two groups of chickens were analyzed by RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq). Results: The Sinb chicken group showed an obvious inbreeding depression in reproduction, especially for traits of age at the first egg and egg number at 300 days (p<0.01). Furthermore, 68 and 618 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained in the hypothalamus and ovary between the two chicken groups, respectively. In the hypothalamus, DEGs were mainly enriched in the pathways related to vitamin metabolism, signal transduction and development of the reproductive system, such as the riboflavin metabolism, Wnt signaling pathway, extracellular matrix-receptor interaction and focal adhesion pathways, including stimulated by retinoic acid 6, serpin family F member 1, secreted frizzled related protein 2, Wnt family member 6, and frizzled class receptor 4 genes. In the ovary, DEGs were significantly enriched in pathways associated with basic metabolism, including amino acid metabolism, oxidative phosphorylation, and glycosaminoglycan degradation. A series of key DEGs involved in folate biosynthesis (gamma-glutamyl hydrolase, guanosine triphosphate cyclohydrolase 1), oocyte meiosis and ovarian function (cytoplasmic polyadenylation element binding protein 1, structural maintenance of chromosomes 1B, and speedy/RINGO cell cycle regulator family member A), spermatogenesis and male fertility (prostaglandin D2 synthase 21 kDa), Mov10 RISC complex RNA helicase like 1, and deuterosome assembly protein 1) were identified, and these may play important roles in inbreeding depression in reproduction. Conclusion: The results improve our understanding of the regulatory mechanisms underlying inbreeding depression in chicken reproduction and provide a theoretical basis for the conservation of species resources.

Evaluation of Optimum Genetic Contribution Theory to Control Inbreeding While Maximizing Genetic Response

  • Oh, S.H.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • v.25 no.3
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    • pp.299-303
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    • 2012
  • Inbreeding is the mating of relatives that produce progeny having more homozygous alleles than non-inbred animals. Inbreeding increases numbers of recessive alleles, which is often associated with decreased performance known as inbreeding depression. The magnitude of inbreeding depression depends on the level of inbreeding in the animal. Level of inbreeding is expressed by the inbreeding coefficient. One breeding goal in livestock is uniform productivity while maintaining acceptable inbreeding levels, especially keeping inbreeding less than 20%. However, in closed herds without the introduction of new genetic sources high levels of inbreeding over time are unavoidable. One method that increases selection response and minimizes inbreeding is selection of individuals by weighting estimated breeding values with average relationships among individuals. Optimum genetic contribution theory (OGC) uses relationships among individuals as weighting factors. The algorithm is as follows: i) Identify the individual having the best EBV; ii) Calculate average relationships ($\bar{r_j}$) between selected and candidates; iii) Select the individual having the best EBV adjusted for average relationships using the weighting factor k, $EBV^*=EBV_j(1-k\bar{{r}_j})$ Repeat process until the number of individuals selected equals number required. The objective of this study was to compare simulated results based on OGC selection under different conditions over 30 generations. Individuals (n = 110) were generated for the base population with pseudo random numbers of N~ (0, 3), ten were assumed male, and the remainder female. Each male was mated to ten females, and every female was assumed to have 5 progeny resulting in 500 individuals in the following generation. Results showed the OGC algorithm effectively controlled inbreeding and maintained consistent increases in selection response. Difference in breeding values between selection with OGC algorithm and by EBV only was 8%, however, rate of inbreeding was controlled by 47% after 20 generation. These results indicate that the OGC algorithm can be used effectively in long-term selection programs.

Studies on Inbreeding and Its Effects on Growth and Fleece Traits of Muzaffarnagari Sheep

  • Mandal, Ajoy;Pant, K.P.;Notter, D.R.;Rout, P.K.;Roy, R.;Sinha, N.K.;Sharma, N.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • v.18 no.10
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    • pp.1363-1367
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    • 2005
  • A pedigree file of 4,738 records of a purebred flock of Muzaffarnagari sheep, maintained at Central Institute for Research on Goats (CIRG), Makhdoom, for a period of 24 years (1978 to 2001) was used to calculate inbreeding coefficients. The lambtraits studied were birth, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months weights as well as 6 and 12 months fleece yields. The lambs' and ewes' inbreeding coefficients ranged from 0 to 26.4% and 0 to 25%, respectively. The average inbreeding coefficient of lambs was higher than that of ewes in all periods as expected in a closed flock. Fluctuations in lamb and ewe inbreeding were observed in the periods under study. The percentages of animals in the higher inbred categories varied somewhat but generally were relatively constant. The mean rate of inbreeding was 0.63% per generation. The effective population size of the flock was 79.1. On average, an increase of 1% individual inbreeding significantly (p<0.05) reduced weights at birth by 0.010 kg, at 3 month by 0.048 kg, at 6 month by 0.075 kg, at 9 month by 0.129 kg and at 12 month by 0.112 kg. Ewes' inbreeding had non-significant effects on body weight at all ages. Effects of both lambs' and ewes' inbreeding had negative but non-significant effects on fleece weights at 6 and 12 months of age. Thus, inbreeding depression in lambs significantly reduced body weights from birth to 12 months of age but had a negligible effect on fleece yields.

Genetic parameters and inbreeding effects for production traits of Thai native chickens

  • Tongsiri, Siriporn;Jeyaruban, Gilbert M.;Hermesch, Susanne;van der Werf, Julius H.J.;Li, Li;Chormai, Theerachai
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • v.32 no.7
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    • pp.930-938
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    • 2019
  • Objective: Estimate genetic parameters, the rate of inbreeding, and the effect of inbreeding on growth and egg production traits of a Thai native chicken breed Lueng Hang Kao Kabinburi housed under intensive management under a tropical climate. Methods: Genetic parameters were estimated for weight measured at four weekly intervals from body weight at day 1 (BW1D) to body weight at 24 weeks (BW24) of age, as well as weight at first egg, age at first egg (AFE), egg weight at first egg, and total number of eggs (EN) produced during the first 17 weeks of lay using restricted maximum likelihood. Inbreeding depression was estimated using a linear regression of individual phenotype on inbreeding coefficient. Results: Direct additive genetic effect was significant for all traits. Maternal genetic effect and permanent environmental hen effects were significant for all early growth traits, expect for BW24. For BW24, maternal genetic effect was also significant. Permanent environmental hen effect was significant for AFE. Direct heritabilities ranged from 0.10 to 0.47 for growth traits and ranged from 0.15 to 0.16 for egg production traits. Early growth traits had high genetic correlations between them. The EN was lowly negatively correlated with other traits. The average rate of inbreeding for the population was 0.09% per year. Overall, the inbreeding had no effect on body weight traits, except for BW1D. An increase in inbreeding coefficient by 1% reduced BWID by 0.09 g (0.29% of the mean). Conclusion: Improvement in body weight gain can be achieved by selecting for early growth traits. Selection for higher body weight traits is expected to increase the weight of first egg. Due to low but unfavorable correlations with body weight traits, selection on EN needs to be combined with other traits via multi-trait index selection to improve body weight and EN simultaneously.

Effects of Inbreeding on Lamb Survival in a Flock of Muzaffarnagari Sheep

  • Mandal, Ajoy;Pant, K.P.;Rout, P.K.;Roy, R.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • v.17 no.5
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    • pp.594-597
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    • 2004
  • A pedigree file of 4,628 records of Muzaffarnagari sheep, maintained at Central Institute for Research on Goats (CIRG), Makhdoom, was used to calculate the inbreeding coefficient of the flock. The flock had been closed for about 25 years (1978 to 2002). The investigation was aimed to study the effects of inbreeding on survivability of lambs. The cumulative survivability of lambs i.e., lambs survived up to 3, 7 and 15 days, 1, 2, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months after birth was considered for the study. The average level of inbreeding of lambs was 1.60%, ranging from 0 to 26.4%. The average inbreeding coefficient of dam over the periods was 1.00% and it ranged from 0 to 25.0%. Significant (p<0.05) adverse effect of lamb's inbreeding was observed on survivability of lambs at all ages except up to 3 and 7 days after birth. On an average, 1% increase in individual inbreeding coefficient should reduce the 0.31, 0.34, 0.32, 0.31, 0.33, 0.44 and 0.49 percent lamb survival up to the age of 15 day and 1, 2, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months, respectively. Ewes inbreeding had non-significant effects on lamb survival at all ages.