• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.23-33
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• 2001

The utility tunnels are the important facility as a mainstay of country because of the latest communication developments. However, the utilities tunnel is difficult to deal with in case of a fire accident. When a cable burns, the black smoke containing poisonous gas will be reduced. This black smoke goes into the tunnel, and makes it difficult to extinguish the fire. Therefore, when there was a fire in the utility tunnel, the central nerves of the country had been paralyzed, such as property damage, communication interruption, in addition to inconvenience for people. This paper is based on the fire occurred in the past, and reenacting the fire by making the real utilities tunnel model. The aim of this paper is the scientific analysis of the character image of the fire, and the verification of each fire protection system whether it works well after process of setting up a fire protection system in the utilities tunnel at a constant temperature. The fire experiment was equipped with the linear heat detector, the fire door, the connection water spray system and the ventilation system in the utilities tunnel. Fixed portion of an electric power supply cable was coated with a fire retardant coating, and a heating tube was covered with a fireproof. The result showed that the highest temperature was $932^{\circ}c$ and the linear heat detector was working at the constant temperature, and it pointed at the place of the fire on the receiving board, and Fixed portion of the electric power supply cable coated with the fire retardant coating did not work as the fireproof. The heating tube was covered with the fireproof about 30 minutes.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.126-136
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• 2017

Gardeners have a desire to not only enjoy a garden but to create the garden themselves and play the role of garden designer. However, they express a great difficulty in gardening activities such as planting and managing plants, the main materials of the garden, due to lack of expertise. Therefore, in order to encourage hobby gardening activities, it is necessary to understand the preferences of the gardeners so that they can easily experience and create a garden, and to provide information on gardening know-how and preferred plants according to places given high preference. This study analyzed the preference for places and plants characteristics according to the purpose of creating a garden. To this end, a questionnaire survey was conducted with visitors to the Korea Landscape and Garden Expo, expected to have been attended primarily by gardening enthusiasts. As a result, gardeners were divided into three groups: appraisal - purposed type, multifunctional type, and participation - purposed type. The group of appraisal purposed type preferred porches and terraces, and private home front yards as well as favored indoor places rather than outdoor places compared with other types. In selecting plants, they prefer plants that can be easily managed in an indoor environment and appreciate natural colors through the colors of flowers and leaves. The multifunctional type group preferred a private home front yard as a garden creation space. Compared with the other types, it showed a high preference for 'unoccupied land in urban housing' and 'community garden' and was analyzed as a group having a high understanding of garden activities. In selecting plants, this group preferred fruit trees or productive plants such as homegrown crops. The participation purposed type group preferred porches and terraces as well as private home front yards as a gardening space. For plants, they preferred plants that are easy to manage. It is meaningful that this study provided preferences for places and plant characteristics according to the creative purpose of the gardener and provided basic data for selecting the place and the plant characteristics of the garden according to the gardener's type.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.79-85
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• 2010

An analysis in heating effects of an electric radiator located in a 1-2W type chrysanthemum (3 cultivars) cultivation greenhouse installed in Gyeongsang National University drew the following conclusions. During the experiment period, the highest, average, and the lowest outside temperatures were in the ranges of $-3.8{\sim}21.3^{\circ}C$, $-5.2{\sim}16.1^{\circ}C$ and $-12.5{\sim}14.4^{\circ}C$, respectively, and the average relative humidity inside and outside the greenhouses were in the ranges of 43.5~98.6% and 35.2~100%, respectively. From mid-December to early February, the lowest outside temperature was recorded as approximately $-5.0{\sim}-10.0^{\circ}C$, which showed that it tended to be relatively lower than the temperatures recorded at the Jinju Meteorological Observatory. During the night, the leaf temperature measured directly under the radiator tended to be higher by $2{\sim}3^{\circ}C$ than that those at the middle point of the radiator, or higher by a negligible amount. In the case of root zone temperature, it was found that there was almost no difference between temperatures of the part directly under and the middle point, and the time when the highest temperature of root zone and other highest temperatures took place showed that there was about a 2-hour delay phenomenon. The total electricity consumption, energy supply and total heating cost during the experiment period were 2,800 kWh, 2,408,000 kcal and 112,000 won, respectively. When diesel, a kind of fossil fuel, was used as heating oil, the total heating cost was around 224,500 won. It was estimated that the total heating cost could be reduced by around 50% if a radiator was used.

• Journal of Korea Entertainment Industry Association
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• v.13 no.7
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• pp.307-319
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• 2019

This study aims to provide the basic materials for the development of leisure and tourism contents in connection with Osaek cableway for the revitalization of Osaek District. For such a purpose, the following policy directions were presented through the analysis of the present situation and conditions of Osaek District, the direction of development of leisure and tourism contents of Osaek District, etc. The first is increasing the participation of local residents and reinforcing their capabilities. The suggested promotion plans are ① establishing organizational system and strengthening support, ② reinforcing the capabilities of local residents and ③ constructing networks with external human resources. The second is setting the guidelines for contents development. It was proposed to prepare contents for leisure experience using the natural environment of Osaek District in response to the trend of increase of people who enjoy "contents using culture and arts" and leisure. The third is typological approach to contents. It was proposed to develop cultural contents with the theme of Osaek such as "Osaek Light Festival", "Osaek Concert", "Osaek Photo Exhibition" and "Osaek Good Men and Women Contest" for the promotion of the brand of the place name of Osaek and the creation of the "Picture Book Village" for the compilation of the history and culture of Osaek District with pictures. The fourth is securing marketing channels. For this, it was proposed to produce the website of Yangyang County or a website tentatively named as "Osaek-ri with Beautiful Osaek" and introduce an integrated travel product (transportation + lodging + foods + experience (hot spring, mineral water therapy, leisure experience, etc.) + purchasing local specialty products, etc.) composed of the leisure and tourism contents, transportation, lodging, foods, etc. of Osaek District through travel agencies. The final policy direction presented was phased implementation of the development and operation of the contents. Proposed policies include support of a consulting project to upgrade the organization of local residents; implementation of "Tourism Dure (Cooperative)" project for the solution of the problem of tourism in Osaek District by the residents themselves together using the space of culture and arts made by remodeling idle public and private facilities after benchmarking exemplary places; system improvement for the introduction of leisure and tourism contents appropriate for local conditions; and the establishment of a master plan for the introduction of various leisure and tourism contents in Osaek District.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.232-238
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• 2024

This study examines the effectiveness of Gamcheon Port's leading lights in reflecting the characteristics of ship traffic entering the port. The leading light of Gamcheon Port was proposed and installed in 1996 during the basic design process of supplementing the port's route signs for the entry and exit of 4,000 TEU container ships. Since then, it has been improved to accommodate the entry of 50,000 DWT general cargo ships and to reflect the crane height of Hanjin Pier, as a result of a review study conducted by the Busan Regional Maritime Affairs and Fisheries Administration to improve the still temperature of Gamcheon Port by relocating existing outer facilities. However, an analysis of the current characteristics of maritime traffic at Gamcheon Port reveals that maritime traffic congestion is smooth and the proportion of small and medium-sized ships under 10,000 tons is higher than that of large ships, resulting in decreased efficiency of the leading lights to respond to the entry of large ships. Nevertheless, considering the increasing CAGR of the entry ratio of ships of 30,000 tons or more by 8.45%, preparations for the anticipated increase in the proportion of large ships entering the port in the future are necessary, and it is preferable to maintain the function of the leading lights rather than demolishing the entrance to Gamcheon Port. The narrow nature of the Gamcheon Port route poses a higher risk of collision when ships entering and exiting encounter each other, which can burden the navigator. Therefore, instead of maintaining the function of the leading lights, it is possible to relocate the conduction light to reduce maintenance burden and install a direction light in its place. When installing the direction light, it is worth considering using Double Sector Lights instead of the currently installed Single Sector Lights at nearby Busan Bukhang Port, as the former can improve user satisfaction by providing a clearer middle line and reducing difficulties in distinguishing between points.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.81-90
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• 2009

This study was carried out to investigate consumer's preference and purchase behavior of pork including perception of brand-pork in Korea. A total of 504 respondents were surveyed and collected from December, 2007 to February, 2008. Among total respondents, 62.55% (n=314) responded that they liked the pork and respondents who were higher education level showed higher preference (p<0.05). Majority of consumers (61.16%) did not like imported pork. In addition, one who had lower education level and living in rural area disliked more the imported pork. Most consumers preferred to the belly (58.57%) and results indicated that the people who were higher education level preferred a discount mart but who were living in rural area preferred a butcher's shop. Among the purchasing area, a big discount mart was the most preferred (44.64%) and this was also different among the education level (p<0.001) and living areas (p<0.05). The consumers preferred to purchasing a 600 g pack for a single purchase. Among total respondents, 42.71% of consumers responded that their priority was reliability of meat quality on choosing the place for purchasing the pork, and the significant difference was highly found in living area groups (p<0.001). The perception of carcass grading system was common scores with the average of 2.79, and there was highly significant difference among education level groups (p<0.001). The average of 3.50 among 5 points for branded pork were evaluated by a total of consumers but the significant differences were not found in all three groups.

• KIPS Transactions on Software and Data Engineering
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• v.7 no.9
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• pp.351-360
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• 2018

The LWR (Locally Weighted Regression) model, which is traditionally a lazy learning model, is designed to obtain the solution of the prediction according to the input variable, the query point, and it is a kind of the regression equation in the short interval obtained as a result of the learning that gives a higher weight value closer to the query point. We study on an incremental ensemble learning approach for LWR, a form of lazy learning and memory-based learning. The proposed incremental ensemble learning method of LWR is to sequentially generate and integrate LWR models over time using a genetic algorithm to obtain a solution of a specific query point. The weaknesses of existing LWR models are that multiple LWR models can be generated based on the indicator function and data sample selection, and the quality of the predictions can also vary depending on this model. However, no research has been conducted to solve the problem of selection or combination of multiple LWR models. In this study, after generating the initial LWR model according to the indicator function and the sample data set, we iterate evolution learning process to obtain the proper indicator function and assess the LWR models applied to the other sample data sets to overcome the data set bias. We adopt Eager learning method to generate and store LWR model gradually when data is generated for all sections. In order to obtain a prediction solution at a specific point in time, an LWR model is generated based on newly generated data within a predetermined interval and then combined with existing LWR models in a section using a genetic algorithm. The proposed method shows better results than the method of selecting multiple LWR models using the simple average method. The results of this study are compared with the predicted results using multiple regression analysis by applying the real data such as the amount of traffic per hour in a specific area and hourly sales of a resting place of the highway, etc.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.166-172
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• 2011

Objective : The intralaminar screw (ILS) fixation technique offers an alternative to pedicle screw (PS) and lateral mass screw (LMS) fixation in the C7 spine. Although cadaveric studies have described the anatomy of the pedicles, laminae, and lateral masses at C7, 3-dimensional computed tomography (CT) imaging is the modality of choice for pre-surgical planning. In this study, the goal was to determine the anatomical parameter and optimal screw trajectory for ILS placement at C7, and to compare this information to PS and LMS placement in the C7 spine as determined by CT evaluation. Methods : A total of 120 patients (60 men and 60 women) with an average age of $51.7{\pm}13.6$ years were selected by retrospective review of a trauma registry database over a 2-year period. Patients were included in the study if they were older than 15 years of age, had standardized axial bone-window CT imaging at C7, and had no evidence of spinal trauma. For each lamina and pedicle, width (outer cortical and inner cancellous), maximal screw length, and optimal screw trajectory were measured, and the maximal screw length of the lateral mass were measured using m-view 5.4 software. Statistical analysis was performed using Student's t-test. Results : At C7, the maximal PS length was significantly greater than the ILS and LMS length (PS, $33.9{\pm}3.1$ mm; ILS, $30.8{\pm}3.1$ mm; LMS, $10.6{\pm}1.3$; p<0.01). When the outer cortical and inner cancellous width was compared between the pedicle and lamina, the mean pedicle outer cortical width at C7 was wider than the lamina by an average of 0.6 mm (pedicle, $6.8{\pm}1.2$ mm; lamina, $6.2{\pm}1.2$ mm; p<0.01). At C7, 95.8% of the laminae measured accepted a 4.0-mm screw with a 1.0 mm of clearance, compared with 99.2% of pedicle. Of the laminae measured, 99.2% accepted a 3.5-mm screw with a 1.0 mm clearance, compared with 100% of the pedicle. When the outer cortical and inner cancellous height was compared between pedicle and lamina, the mean lamina outer cortical height at C7 was wider than the pedicle by an average of 9.9 mm (lamina, $18.6{\pm}2.0$ mm; pedicle, $8.7{\pm}1.3$ mm; p<0.01). The ideal screw trajectory at C7 was also measured ($47.8{\pm}4.8^{\circ}$ for ILS and $35.1{\pm}8.1^{\circ}$ for PS). Conclusion : Although pedicle screw fixation is the most ideal instrumentation method for C7 fixation with respect to length and cortical diameter, anatomical aspect of C7 lamina is affordable to place screw. Therefore, the C7 intralaminar screw could be an alternative fixation technique with few anatomic limitations in the cases when C7 pedicle screw fixation is not favorable. However, anatomical variations in the length and width must be considered when placing an intralaminar or pedicle screw at C7.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.334-345
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• 2009

Objectives: This study was performed to investigate the management status of chronic disease at community health centers. Methods: The study subjects were 450 employed persons at community health centers in Jeonlanamdo. General characteristics, status of chronic disease management and health education were collected for statistical analysis. The differences on management status among working areas were assessed with chi-square test and ANOVA. Results: The mean values of work duration were 18.7 years in rural, 14.4 years in fishing village, and 17.4 years in urban-rural, respectively. The number of management registration was highest in hypertension. The ways of disease management were medication check-up, diet stopping smoking. The contents of group health education were exercise, diet and prohibition of smoking. The place of health education was town assembling hall. The fields which officials wanted to be educated were symptom, diagnosis, treatment and complication. The most important field was early detection of chronic disease patients and health education. Finally, the field requiring support was work standardization. Conclusions: Community health workers have worked positively in chronic disease management. The barriers to work were the lack of professional and preliminary data. The support system with other health organ and health education were needed for the improvement of working ability.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.65-77
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• 1999

In order to estimate the utilization pattern of a rural health subcenter, and to identify the recognition for it among the farmhouse members in a suburban area, a questionnaire survey was carried out for objects of 696 population. The results observed were as follows: The annual utilization rate of rural health subcenter for a basic health service unit was 25.0 per 100 persons, and annual mean visiting times was 0.22 times. And the most frequent disease by annual health subcenter utilization illness was musculoskeletal disease(30.6%), and the next was respiratory disease(14.1%), gastrointestinal disease(13.9%) by order. Favorite reason for community health subcenter utilization were near distance from living place(49.6%), lower disease severity(18.9%) and lower medical cost(18.1%) by order. But disfavoring reasons for it were absence of specialist(20.2%), non effective treatment(19.2%) and insufficient equipment(14.7%) by order. And insufficient items about community health subcenter utilization were restriction of treatment limit(40.7%), lower reliance(22.5%) and difficulty in traffic(13.4%) by order. The results of logistic regression analysis suggested that statistically significant factors in health subcenter utilization was educational level. The desirable works for the health subcenter in a suburban area were disease control of elderly and disease preventing service. These results suggested that to increase the utilization of rural health subcenter in a suburban area and to promote the accessibility of rural residents to primary health care, there must be considered public relation about health subcenter, improvement of medical quality and change of priority about health subcenter's works.