• Wind and Structures
• /
• 제27권1호
• /
• pp.11-27
• /
• 2018

The straight-cone steel cooling tower is a novel type of structure, which has a distinct aerodynamic distribution on the internal surface of the tower cylinder compared with conventional hyperbolic concrete cooling towers. Especially in the extreme weather conditions of strong wind and heavy rain, heavy rain also has a direct impact on aerodynamic force on the internal surface and changes the turbulence effect of pulsating wind, but existing studies mainly focus on the impact effect brought by wind-driven rain to structure surface. In addition, for the indirect air cooled cooling tower, different additional ventilation rate of shutters produces a considerable interference to air movement inside the tower and also to the action mechanism of loads. To solve the problem, a straight-cone steel cooling towerstanding 189 m high and currently being constructed is taken as the research object in this study. The algorithm for two-way coupling between wind and rain is adopted. Simulation of wind field and raindrops is performed with continuous phase and discrete phase models, respectively, under the general principles of computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Firstly, the rule of influence of 9 combinations of wind sped and rainfall intensity on flow field mechanism, the volume of wind-driven rain, additional action force of raindrops and equivalent internal pressure coefficient of the tower cylinder is analyzed. On this basis, the internal pressures of the cooling tower under the most unfavorable working condition are compared between four ventilation rates of shutters (0%, 15%, 30% and 100%). The results show that the 3D effect of equivalent internal pressure coefficient is the most significant when considering two-way coupling between wind and rain. Additional load imposed by raindrops on the internal surface of the tower accounts for an extremely small proportion of total wind load, the maximum being only 0.245%. This occurs under the combination of 20 m/s wind velocity and 200 mm/h rainfall intensity. Ventilation rate of shutters not only changes the air movement inside the tower, but also affects the accumulated amount and distribution of raindrops on the internal surface.

• 태양에너지
• /
• 제16권2호
• /
• pp.113-122
• /
• 1996

본 연구는 수직원통형 빙축열조 내에 상변화물질로서 순수한 물을 $-10^{\circ}C$의 초기 과냉온도로 응고시킨 후, 작동유체의 입구온도를 $7^{\circ}C,\;4^{\circ}C,\;1^{\circ}C$로, 작동유체의 유입방향을 상향과 하향으로 각각 변화시키면서 외향용융시켰을 경우, 시간경과에 따른 축열매질의 온도분포, 상경계면의 형상, 용융율, 용융에너지를 실험적으로 구하여 이를 비교 검토한 것이다. 작동유체의 입구온도가 $7^{\circ}C,\;4^{\circ}C$의 경우에는 작동유체의 유입방향이 상 하향 모두 물의 최대 밀도점인 $4^{\circ}C$ 부근에서 일시적으로 온도가 상승하지 않고 일정 시간동안 정체하는 온도정체구간이 나타났다. 또한, 용융이 진행됨에 따라 물이 축열조의 하부에 적체되고, 이에 따라 하부에서의 용융이 활발히 진행됨으로써 상경계면 형상은 전체적으로 종모양 형태의 곡선을 나타낸다. 작동 유체의 입구온도가 $7^{\circ}C$인 경우, 용융율(Vl/Vtot)과 용융에너지는 작동유체의 유입방향이 상향인 경우가 하향인 경우에서보다 크게 나타난 반면, 작동유체의 입구온도가 $4^{\circ}C,\;1^{\circ}C$인 경우는 $7^{\circ}C$의 경우와는 달리 하향인 경우가 상향인 경우에서보다 큰 것으로 나타났다.

• 생물환경조절학회지
• /
• 제27권3호
• /
• pp.206-212
• /
• 2018

대부분의 소비자들이 질 좋은 음식을 선호하기 때문에, 농장에서는 소비자들의 욕구를 충족시키기 위해 다양한 시설을 이용하고 있다. 가장 대표적인 시설은 플라스틱 온실과 유리온실이다. 국내의 플라스틱 온실 과 유리 온실의 측고는 3m 내외이다. 결과적으로 작물의 생산성이 제한되고, 이를 해결하기 위해서는 기둥의 높이를 증가시켜 온실의 측고를 높이는 것이다. 온실 기둥상승 장치는 멈춤장치, 공압 실린더 및 수직 부재 등으로 구성된다. 공압 실린더는 안전계수 1.5를 고려하여 직경 160mm와 행정길이 50mm로 설계하였으며, 노즐을 통하여 공기의 압력을 제어하였다. 1행정 시간을 30초 내외로 설계하기 위해서는 $21.5L{\cdot}min^{-1}$ 공기가 필요한 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 노즐의 직경은 0.5mm로 설계하였다. 압력이 0.9 MPa일 때 평균 인상력은 13,805N으로 계산된 값 15,612N에 근접하였다. 현장 시험결과 같은 열의 기둥과 오차가 발생하지 않았으며, 실제 유리 및 플라스틱 온실에 적용 가능한 것으로 판단되었다.

• 한국지반공학회지:지반
• /
• 제13권1호
• /
• pp.35-46
• /
• 1997

실제지반에 하중이 가하여 질 경우 발생되는 주응력회전시의 지반거동을 해석하기 위하여 등 방단일경화구성모델이 적용되었다. 이 모델에 의한 해석결과는 Ko압밀점토의 중공 원통형 공시체에 여러가지 응력경로를 대상으로 실시된 일련의 비틀림전단시험에 의한 시험치와 좋은 일치를 보이고 있다. 결국 주응력회전시의 지반거동은 등방압축 및 통상적인 압밀비배수 삼축압축시험으로 얻을 수 있는 간단한 정보만을 활용한 이 모델로 예측될 수 있음을 알았다. 비틀림전단시험결과와 해석결과 모두에서 등방탄소성 지반거동을 최초재하 (primary loading)단계 동안에 관찰할 수 있었다. 그러나, Ko압밀응력의 등방항복면내에서 감하나 수재하와 같은 응력 반전을 실시할 경우 최대주변형률증분 방향의 해석치는 시험치와 일치하지 않았다. 이는 응력반전시의 지반거동을 해석하기 위하여는 등방경화모델 (isotropic hardening model)보다 는 이동경화모델(kinematic hardening model)이 개발되어야함을 의미한다. 또한 본 연구에서는 일공간에서 변형률증분벡터의 시험치가 관련흐름법칙 및 비관련흐름법칙에 의한 해석법과 비교되었다.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국진공학회 2013년도 제45회 하계 정기학술대회 초록집
• /
• pp.221-221
• /
• 2013

Vertical LED (VLED) has been recognized as a way to obtain the high-power LED due to their advantages [1]. However, approximately 4% of the light generated from the active region is extracted, if the light extraction from side walls and back side is neglected because of Fresnel reflection (FR) and total internal reflection (TIR) [2,3]. In this study, the optical simulation of the VLED with the various microstructures was performed. Among them, the microlens having the diameter of 3 ${\mu}m$ and the height of 1.5 ${\mu}m$ shown the best result was chosen, and then, optimized microlens was formed on a GaN template using conventional semiconductor process. Various microstructures were proposed to improve the light extraction efficiency (LEE) of the VLED for the simulation. The LEE was simulated using LightTools based on a Monte Carlo ray tracing. The microstructures with hemisphere, cone, truncated and cylinder pattern having diameter of 3 ${\mu}m$ were employed on the top layer of the VLED respectively. The improvement of the LEE by using the microstructure is 87% for the hemisphere, 77% for the cone, 53% for the truncated, 21% for the cylinder, compared with the LEE of the flat surface at the reflectance of 85%. The LEE was increased by 88% at the height of 1.5 ${\mu}m$, compared with the LEE of the flat surface. We found that the microlens on the top layer is the most suitable for increasing the LEE. In order to apply the proposed microlens on n-GaN surface, we fabricated microlens on a GaN template. A photoresist array having hexagonal-closed packed microlens was fabricated on the GaN template. Then, optimization of etching the GaN template was performed using a dry etching process with ICP-RIE. The dry etching carried out using a gas mixture of Cl2 and Ar, each having a flow rate of 16 sccm and 10 sccm, respectively with RF power of 50 W, ICP power of 900 W and chamber pressure of 2 mTorr was the optimum etching condition as shown in Fig. 2(a).

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
• /
• 제17권12호
• /
• pp.453-458
• /
• 2016

보 설계 시 세굴을 고려한 설계가 요구되지만 실험 시설의 한계와 제한된 실험 수행 기간 등으로 설계 기준 및 감세공의 효과 분석 연구는 부족하다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 보 하류부의 세굴 문제 개선을 위해 다방향 감세공의 세굴 감세효과를 분석하였으며 세굴을 최소화하기 위한 설계 기준을 제시하였다. 수리모형실험은 낙동강 합천창녕보를 대상으로 실험을 수행하였으며 수명 축척 1/25, 연직 축척 1/25의 모형으로 제작하였다. 실험 장치는 수로와 유량 공급부로 구분하였으며 최대 $2.0m^3/s$의 유하가 가능하도록 수중펌프를 설치하였다. 실험 시 유입 유량은 $1.3m^3/s$, 상류수위는 0.36 m, 하류 수위는 0.24 m이며 감세공인 배플은 나무를 이용해 지름 0.05 m 원기둥형으로 제작하였다. 배플 설치 전과 설치 후 뿐만 아니라 배플의 길이 변화에 대한 정확한 세굴심 비교를 위해 3D 광대역 레이져 스캐너를 활용하였다. 실험결과 배플의 V형 배치시, 배플 설치 전에 비해 흐름 감세로 인해 세굴성은 36%, 세굴 길이는 49% 감소 효과가 나타났다.

• 천문학논총
• /
• 제36권3호
• /
• pp.65-78
• /
• 2021

Jagyeokru, an automatic striking water clock described in the Sejong Sillok (Veritable Records of King Sejong) is essentially composed of a water quantity control device and a time-signal device, with the former controlling the amount or the flow rate of water and the latter automatically informing the time based on the former. What connects these two parts is a signal generating device or a power transmission device called the 'Jujeon' system, which includes a copper rod on the float and ball-racked scheduled plates. The copper products excavated under Gongpyeong-dong in Seoul include a lot of broken plate pieces and cylinder-like devices. If some plate pieces are put together, a large square plate with circular holes located in a zigzag can be completed, and at the upper right of it is carved 'the first scheduled plate (一箭).' Cylinder-like devices generally 3.8 cm in diameter are able to release a ball, and have a ginkgo leaf-like screen fixed on the inner axis and a bird-shaped hook of which the leg fixes another axis and the beak attaches to the leaf side. The lateral view of this cylinder-like device appears like a trapezoid and mounts an iron ball. The function of releasing a ball agrees with the description of Borugak Pavilion, where Jagyeokru was installed, written by Kim Don (1385 ~ 1440). The other accounts of Borugak Pavilion's and Heumgyeonggak Pavilion's water clocks describe these copper plates and ball releasing devices as the 'Jujeon' system. According to the description of Borugak Pavilion, a square wooden column has copper plates on the left and right sides the same height as the column, and the left copper plate has 12 drilled holes to keep the time of a 12 double-hours. Meanwhile, the right plate has 25 holes which represent seasonal night 5-hours (Kyeong) and their 5-subhours (Jeom), not 12 hours. There are 11 scheduled plates for seasonal night 5-hours made with copper, which are made to be attached or detached as the season. In accordance with Nujutongui (manual for the operation of the yardstick for the clepsydra), the first scheduled plate for the night is used from the winter solstice (冬至) to 2 days after Daehan (大寒), and from 4 days before Soseol (小雪) to a day before the winter solstice. Besides the first scheduled plate, we confirm discovering a third scheduled plate and a sixth scheduled plate among the excavated copper materials based on the spacing between holes. On the other hand, the width of the scheduled plate is different for these artifacts, measured as 144 mm compared to the description of the Borugak Pavilion, which is recorded as 51 mm. From this perspective, they may be the scheduled plates for the Heumgyeonggak Ongru made in 1438 (or 1554) or for the new Fortress Pavilion installed in Changdeokgung palace completed in 1536 (the 31^st year of the reign of King Jungjong) in the early Joseon dynasty. This study presents the concept of the scheduled plates described in the literature, including their new operating mechanism. In addition, a detailed model of 11 scheduled plates is designed from the records and on the excavated relics. It is expected that this study will aid in efforts to restore and reconstruct the automatic water clocks of the early Joseon dynasty.

• 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집
• /
• 제25권1호
• /
• pp.59-71
• /
• 2014

An experimental study has been conducted to investigate the heat transfer characteristics of laminar syngas/air mixture with 10% hydrogen content impinging normally to a flat plate of cylinder. Effects of impinging distance, Reynolds number and equivalence ratio as major parameters on heat fluxes of stagnation point and radial direction were examined experimentally by the direct photos and data acquisitions from heat flux sensor. In this work, we could find the incurved flame behavior of line shaped inner top-flame in very closed distance between flat plate and burner exit, which has been not reported from general gas-fuels. There were 3 times of maximum and 2 times minimum heat flux of stagnation point with respect to the impinging distance for the investigation of Reynolds number and equivalence ratio effect. It was confirmed that the maximum heat flux of stagnation point in 1'st and 2'nd peaks increased with the increase of the Reynolds number due to the Nusselt number increment. There was a third maximum rise in the heat flux of stagnation point for larger separation distances and this phenomenon was different each for laminar and turbulent condition. The heat transfer characteristics between the stagnation and wall jet region in radial heat flux profiles was investigated by the averaged heat flux value. It has been observed that the values of averaged heat flux traced well with the characteristics of major parameters and the decreasing of averaged heat flux was coincided with the decreasing trend of adiabatic temperature in spite of the same flow condition, especially for impinging distance and equivalence ratio effects.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
• /
• 제15권1호
• /
• pp.116-124
• /
• 2007

An optical method to measure the size and number density of soot aggregates in diesel exhaust has been proposed in this study. Two laser beams in co-axial alignment transmit a soot loaded exhaust gas flow, and the transmittance at each wavelength is detected by a photo diode simultaneously. The volume equivalent diameter and number density of soot aggregates in the optical path can be theoretically given by the transmittance values measured at two wavelengths. A test conducted by a single cylinder, 4 cycle, small and DI diesel engine shows that the temporal variations of the size and number density of soot aggregates in the diesel exhaust can be measured by the proposed method at a transient mode operation. It is found that the volume equivalent diameter varied temporally from 70 to 110 nm during the period that high soot concentration is observed. One can also conclude that the optical length longer than 1 m in the dynamic range regarding this method is preferable for measuring soot concentration at the level of $1\;mg/m^3$.

• 동력기계공학회지
• /
• 제10권3호
• /
• pp.5-10
• /
• 2006

In a conventional and lean operating engine, the state of mixture is very important in the combustion and emission characteristics. Lean operation is known to decrease the formation while maintaining a good fuel economy, but the unstable operation due to misfire and erratic combustion prevents engines from being operated at very lean mixtures, so both combustion rates and exhaust emission formation need to be satisfied comparably. In this study, it is designed and experimented the modified engine, and analyzed the combustion and exhaust emission according to the change of engine speed and with adding ozone. The conclusions were drawn out and enumerated as follows. 1. At the experimental result of automobile diesel engine, it has been verified that the formation of particulate matter(PM) gas is able to be lower with the addition of optimum quantities of ozone. 2. Carbon monoxide(CO) was formed by the lack of oxygen and the thermal dissociation in the combustion process. Therefore, with the change of swirl valve's position and addition of oxygen and ozone, CO formation was decreased by the increasing of excessive O2, but it was increased by the temperature of combustion gas growing higher. As a result of the two effects, CO formation was decreased in this study. 3. Hydrocarbon(HC) was formed by the lack of O2, and the flow of mixture in cylinder. According to opening of the swirl valve and adding the oxygen and ozone, hydrocarbon gas was decreased by 20%, 9%, and 27.5%, respectively. 4. Nitric oxides($NO_x$) was strongly affected by the combustion gas temperature. As a result of respectively experimental conditions, $NO_x$ formation was increased about 20% due to (be the) high(er) combustion gas temperature.