• Proceedings of the Korean Powder Metallurgy Institute Conference
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• 2006.09a
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• pp.124-125
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• 2006

Multilayer ceramic capacitor (MLCC) miniaturization has increased the demand for superfine $BaTiO_3$ powder due to its thin dielectric layer. Hydrothermally synthesized $BaTiO_3$ powder a pseudo-cubic phase resulting in poor dielectric properties due to size effect and hydroxyl ion inclusion in the $BaTiO_3$ lattice. We attempted a superfine (lower than 100 nm) highly tetragonal $BaTiO_3$ powder via a solvothermal method without precipitating agent. The lattice parameters and the relative amounts of tetragonal and cubic phases were determined using Rietveld refinement.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.832-845
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to compare the marginal fit of all ceramic crowns prepared from alumina slip casting, which is consistent with the conventional In-ceram system, and those fabricated from alumina tapes which is currently under development in an effort to alleviate complexities involved in the forming procedure of the In-ceram crown core. All ceramic crowns, made of In-ceram(slip casting) and alumina tapes(Doctor blade casting), were prepared with $90^{\circ}\;and\;135^{\circ}$ shoulder margins. The crowns were cemented with a glass ionomer cement and embeded in epoxy resin. The embedded crowns were sectioned faciolingually and mesiodistally and marginal discrepancies and marginal gaps were measured under the Measurescope MM II. The measurements were analyzed using Wilcoxon rank sum test and Kruskal-Wallis test and the results were as follows: 1. In the case of $90^{\circ}$ shoulder margin, the combined marginal discrepancies and marginal gaps were $78.3{\mu}m\;and\;44.4{\mu}m$ respectively, for the all ceramic crowns fabricated using the alumina tapes. In comparison, the values were $65{\mu}m\;and\;25.5{\mu}m$ for the In-ceram crowns. For the marginal gaps a statistical difference existed (p<0.05) but no significant difference was observed for the marginal discrepancy (p>0.05). 2. In the case of $135^{\circ}$ shoulder margin, the combined marginal discrepancy and marginal gaps were $82.1{\mu}m\;and\;40.2{\mu}m$ respectively, for the all ceramic crowns formed with the tapes. As compared with the marginal discrepancy and gaps of the $90^{\circ}$ shoulder margin in the fabricated from the alumina tapes, no significant statistical differencies were discerned in both cases (p>0.05). 3. There was no statistically significant difference in the fits among four locations around the margins of the all ceramic crowns fabricated using the alumina tapes. The results obtained in this study showed that the marginal fits of the glass infiltrated alumina cores fabricated from the alumina tapes are slightly higher value than those prepared using the In-ceram but the difference is within a clinically acceptable range.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.756-766
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• 1999

This study was performed to evaluate effect on color and opacity of 3 different copy-milled In-Ceram cores by glass infiltration and porcelain veneering. Color was evaluated by the $CIEL^*a^*b^*$ readings were recorded with a Colorimeter, Color difference value(${\Delta}E^*_{ab}$) was calculated and opacity was represented by the contrast ratio. The variance of each color parameter ($L^*,\;a^*,\;b^*$), color difference value, and opacity change after glass-infiltrated and after veneered with porcelain was compared. Three experimental groups were fabricated as follows. Group 1 (Alumina core) 15 Alumina blanks was infiltrated with originally marketed glass (A1) and veneered with porcelain(A1) Group 2 (modified Alumina core) : 15 Alumina blanks was infiltrated with its associated glass(S11) and veneered with porcelain(A1) Group 3 (Spinell core) : 15 Spinell blanks was infiltrated with originally developed glass(S11) and veneered with porcelain(A1). The results were as follows: 1. After glass infiltration, $L^*$ value showed decrease, $a^*$ value showed decrease only group 1(p<0.001) and $b^*$ value showed increase on group 1, increase on group 2, 3(p<0.001). 2. After porcelain veneering, $L^*$ value showed decrease(p<0.001), $a^*$ value showed increase on group 1, decrease on group 2(p<0.05) and $b^*$ value showed decrease on group 1, increase on group 2, 3 (p<0.001). 3. ${\Delta}E^*_{ab}$ between before and after glass infiltration was more than 13.77, and between after glass infiltration and after porcelain veneering more than 19.63. 4. After glass infiltration and porcelain veneering, Alumina showed the lowest $L^*,\;a^*$ value and highest $b^*$ value among 3 different groups (p<0.05). ${\Delta}E^*_{ab}$ between group 1-2, 1-3 was higher than that of group 2-3. 5. After glass infiltration, opacity showed decrease, Group 1 had the highest opacity(p<0.05), but no significant differences between group 2 and 3. Above results suggest that glass infiltration and porcelain veneering effects on color and opacity of In-Ceram core, and that modified In-Ceram Alumina uses single crowns or bridges like In-Ceram Spinell.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.781-792
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• 1997

This study was peformed to evaluate the dynamic fatigue characteristics of the dental ceramics for all-ceramic crown. A feldspathic porcelain of VMK68. glass ceramic of IPS-Empress, and glass infiltrated alumina ceramic of In-Ceram were used. Disc specimens were prepared to the final dimensions of 12 mm in diameter and 1 mm in thickness. The biaxial flexure test was conducted using a ball-on-three-ball method. 240 specimens were tested in $37^{\circ}C$ water by testing 20 samples at each of four loading rates:0.05, 0.2, 1, and 5mm/min. 60 specimens were tested in a moisture-free environment by testing 20 samples at 5mm/min. The inert strength of VMK68 was 80.25MPa, and the fatigue parameters were n=29.1, ${\sigma}_{fo}=52.90MPa$. The inert strength of IPS-Empress was 104.76MPa, and the fatigue parameters were n=32.46, ${\sigma}_{fo}=67.52MPa$. The inert strength of In-Ceram was 429.33MPa, and the fatigue parameters were n=31.46, ${\sigma}_{fo}=258.36MPa$. 10-year failure stresses of VMK68, IPS-Empress, and In-Ceram were 20.3MPa, 24.8MPa, and 93.6MPa, respectively. Failure strength and fatigue life showed the highest value in In-Ceram, and then, IPS-Empress and VMK68.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.433-441
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• 1998

This study was performed to evaluate the effects of surface flaw on the fracture of all-ceramic materials. A feldspathic porce lain of VMK68, a cashable ceramic of IPS-Empress, and an alumina-glass composite of In-Ceram were used. Specimens were prepared as 12$\times$3$\times$1mm in dimensions, and a Vickers-produced indentation crack was made at the center of the tensile surface. Test specimens were immersed in dlstilled water and In oil, which were broken under a crosshead speed of 0.05 mm/min by 3-point bend test at 37$^{\circ}C$. The characteristic patterns of Vickers indentation and fracture surfaces were examined by an optical microscope and a scanning electron microscope. The fracture surfaces of the VMK68 and the IPS-Empress showed a median crack pattern at the fracture origin and indicated a tendency to cleavage hackle. The fracture surface of the alumina-glass composite, In-Ceram, showed a Palmqvist crack pattern at the fracture origin and indicated a tendency of toughening by the frictional Interlocking between the microstructurally rough fracture surfaces.

• 대한치과보철학회:학술대회논문집
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• 1994.12a
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• pp.36-36
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• 1994

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.109-115
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• 2000

This study was designed to evaluate the microhardness of restorative composite resin and dual-cured composite resin cement which were light cured through the 1.5mm thickness composite overlay. For restorative materials, Z100 and Tetric Ceram were used. For dual cured composite cements, Variolink II((VL II) of three consistency (low, high, ultra high) were used. To determine the optimal microhardness of Z100, Tetric Ceram and Variolink II, each material was packed into the 1mm thickness teflon mold without composite overlay and light cured for 60 seconds. Then the microhardnesses of each sample were measured, averaged and regarded as optimal hardness of each material. To evaluate the microhardness of restorative composite resin and dual-cured composite resin cement which were light cured through the 1.5mm thickness composite overlay, the composites were packed into 1mm thickness teflon mold, coverd with celluloid strip, and then precured composite overlay which was made of Targis(Ivoclar/Vivadent, Liechtenstein) was positioned. 2 types of visible light curing machine, the power density of one of which was 400$mW/cm^2$ and the other was 900$mW/cm^2$, and one type of argon laser were used to cure the restorative composite and dual cured cement. For each group, 10 sample were assigned. The light curing tip was positioned over the composite overlay and light cured for 1min., 2min. or 3min with visible light curing machine or 15sec, 30 sec, 45sec, and 60 sec with argon laser. The Vickers hardnesses of upper and lower surface of Z100, Tetric Ceram, and 3 types of VL II cement were measured. When the 900 $mW/cm^2$ curing light was used, 2min. was needed for optimal curing of Z100 and Tetric Ceram. Variolink II did not be cured optimally even though the curing time was extended to 3min. When 400$mW/cm^2$ curing light was used, 3min. was necessary for Z100, whereas 3min. was not enough for Tetric Ceram. Variolink II was not cured optimally even though the curing time was extended to 3min. When argon laser was used, Z100, Tetric Ceram and Variolink II were not cured optimally in 60 seconds.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.133-141
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• 2004

Statement of problem : Porcelain restorations are widely used in restorative dentistry with a high degree of general success. However, porcelain is brittle and may fracture intraorally. Sometimes a repair may be attempted using composite resin and bonding system available. Color stability of porcelain repair resins affects esthetics and prognosis of prosthesis, so that provides important criteria for the choice of porcelain repair resins. Purpose : The purpose of this study was to investigate the color stability of composite resins used widely as porcelain repair system. Materials and method : Composite resins used for this study were Carisma(Kulzer, Germany), Tetric ceram(Ivoclar, Liechtenstein), Filtek Z250(3M, USA), and Arabesk Top(VOCO, Germany). Thirty disc-shaped specimens($10{\times}2mm$) were fabricated from each composite resin. Color changes of specimens after treatment using thermocycling system(KD-TCS30, Kwang-duk F.A. Korea) and after immersion in methylene blue(0.05% by Wt) were measured with colorimeter(Model Tc-6Fx, Tokyo Denshoku Co.) and obtained data were analyzed. Results and Conclusion: The results obtained from this study were as fo11ows. 1. The color change of Filtek Z250 was lesser than those of Tetric ceram and Arabesk Top after thermocycling (12000 times). 2. All of the composite resins in this study showed increase of color change according to increase of thermocycling frequency. 3. After treatment with methylene blue, the color change of Arabesk Top was greater than those of Carisma and Tetric ceram, and Tetric ceram was more stable than others.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.335-340
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• 2010

This study was performed to evaluate the fracture strength of the dental zirconia veneering ceramics for zirconia ceramic core. Six commercial zirconia veneering ceramics were used in this study, namely E-Max(Ivoclar vivadent, Inc, Liechtenstein), Creation ZI(KLEMA Dental produckte GmbH, Austria), Cercon ceram kiss(Degudent, GmbH, Hanau-Wolfgang, Germany), Triceram(Dentaurum, Ispringen, Germany), Zirkonzahn(Zirkonzahn GmbH, Italy), Zirmax(Alpadent, korea). All samples were prepared according to the relevant instructions of manufacture. Disc specimens were prepared to the final dimensions of 17 mm in diameter and 1.5 mm in thickness. The biaxial flexure strength test was conducted using a ball-on-three-ball method. All specimens were tested in a moisture-free environment. Average flexural strengths were analyzed with Weibull analysis and one-way analysis of variance(ANOVA). Significant differences were founded between the mean flexural strength values of five commercials zirconia veneering ceramics and the other. The flexural strengths and Weibull modulus were similar to those of five groups E-Max(EM), Creation ZI(CR), Cercon ceram kiss(CE), Triceram(TR), Zirkonzahn(ZI) with the exception of Zirmax(ZM). The biaxial flexural strength from Cercon ceram kiss(CE) was higher than those of other groups. Fracture analysis showed similar results for these five groups.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Dental Administration
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.38-46
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• 2023

Composite resins, commonly used in clinical practice, have been developed to improve aesthetics to obtain smooth surfaces. Although the restored composite resin has a smooth surface, it gradually becomes rough over time. Therefore, this study measured glossiness to evaluate the surface of various composite resins and attempted to evaluate the maintenance of glossiness of composite resins by observing surfaces that change to roughness. Specimens were produced using resin used in clinical practice: Gradia direct anterior (GA), Tetric N-Ceram (TN), Ceram.X Sphere TEC one (CX), Filtek Z350XT (FT), Estelite sigma quick (ES). After creating a smooth surface with slide glass, five locations were randomly selected to measure surface gloss, and the average was the representative value of the specimen. Roughness was applied to the specimen under water pouring at the same speed and pressure using SiC paper #2400, 1200, and 400. The gloss unit of different SiC papers was measured. To evaluate the gloss unit and gloss retention between composite resins, one-way analysis of variance and Tukey multiple comparisons test were used. As a result of the study, there was a difference in gloss unit of specimens produced under the same conditions. Although the degree differed depending on the composite resin, there was also a difference in gloss retention. Based on the findings, composite resins show differences in gloss due to their different characteristics. Ceram.X Sphere TEC one (CX) showing the lowest gloss retention and Estelite sigma quick (ES) showing the highest.