• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.321-325
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• 2002

IVIVC (In vitro/in vivo correlation) is useful for predicting in vivo results from in vitro data. The aim of this study was to develop IVIVC of sustained release diltiazem. For this purpose, three types of diltiazem tablets with different in vitro dissolution rates were prepared. An in vitro dissolution testing method comprising of paddle apparatus, 50 rpm, water as dissolution medium was developed. Under these condition, we demonstrated that AUCinf could be predicted by evaluating $d_{70%}$ (time dissolved 70%) in vitro since the in vivo AUCinf was correlated with the in vitro $d_{70%}$ (r=-0.9981).

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.8 no.6
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• pp.599-605
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• 1995

The ultrastructures of in vitro-derived bovine blastocysts have been compared with those of blastocysts obtained from a superovulated cow. In vivo blastocysts obtained from the uterus showed well-differentiated features, while in vitro-derived embryos, which were developed from in vitro fertilized ovum, showed insufficient cellular organizations. In vitro-derived embryos contained many undefined cellular organizations in the perivitelline spaces compared with in vivo-derived blastocysts. Other features of in vivo and in vitro blastocysts were characterized by differential development of microvilli projection into blastocoele from the surface of the trophoblast cells. The conceivable reason for the difference between in vivo and in vitro developments of bovine embryos is that it is likely that in vitro culture system adopted in the present experiment may not be sufficient for better embryonic development.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.177-183
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• 2022

Objective: The present study evaluated the efficiency of embryo development and pregnancy of somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) embryos using different source-matured oocytes in Camelus dromedarius. Methods: Camelus dromedarius embryos were produced by SCNT using in vivo- and in vitro- matured oocytes. In vitro embryo developmental capacity of reconstructed embryos was evaluated. To confirm the efficiency of pregnancy and live birth rates, a total of 72 blastocysts using in vitro- matured oocytes transferred into 45 surrogates and 95 blastocysts using in vivo- matured oocytes were transferred into 62 surrogates by transvaginal method. Results: The collected oocytes derived from ovum pick up showed higher maturation potential into metaphase II oocytes than oocytes from the slaughterhouse. The competence of cleavage, and blastocyst were also significantly higher in in vivo- matured oocytes than in vitro- matured oocytes. After embryo transfer, 11 pregnant and 10 live births were confirmed in in vivo- matured oocytes group, and 2 pregnant and 1 live birth were confirmed in in vitro- matured oocytes group. Furthermore, blastocysts produced by in vivo-matured oocytes resulted in significantly higher early pregnancy and live birth rates than in vitro-matured oocytes. Conclusion: In this study, SCNT embryos using in vivo- and in vitro-matured camel oocytes were successfully developed, and pregnancy was established in recipient camels. We also confirmed that in vivo-matured oocytes improved the development of embryos and the pregnancy capacity using the blastocyst embryo transfer method.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.129-133
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• 2004

The major advantage of the in vitro test is that it is a rapid, objective and cost-effective screening methodology. In vitro tests can provide a formulation tool to identify new fillers that are optimized by combinations of old ones and they can be used to pre-screen protective formulas prior to in vivo testing in humans. Therefore, the accuracy of in vitro SPF measurement is very important. In this study, improvement of application method of samples was tried to improve the accuracy of in vitro SPF measurement. The outer part of Transpore$\^$(R)/ tape was used to apply samples as the substrates and the standard drying time was set at 15 min. The new method, topical applications at light scan areas, results in more accurate and reliable results. This result suggests that more accurate prediction system can be established for in vivo SPF with in vivo SPF measurement.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.255-260
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• 2003

In vivo bioassays for biological medicines have been considered final resort to unequivocally assess the biological activities for them because there are some cases in which the biological activities obtained from in vivo bioassay and in vitro bioassay quite differ each other. The in vivo biological activity of EPO depends on its sialic acid contents which confer microheterogeneity-isoforms to this protein. We have devise a method which consists of a in vitro bioassay using BaF3 cell line and a capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) for the measurement of the EPO isoform distribution. The biological activity of EPO obtained using in vitro bioassay with BaF3 cell line showed good correlation (C.V.(％) 7.34, 5.85, 8,16, 8.08, 8.8) to EPO content measured either spectrophotometric assay (A280 0.1 ％ ＝0.743) or radio immunoassay. The assay validation results of in vitro bioassay with 3 lot of in house EPO showed good results to EPO content measured either in vivo assay or radio immunoassay. and also showed good results the robustness of our method in terms of precision, accuracy, repeatability. The isoform distribution for EPO-BRP (1 : 1 mixture of epoetin-${\alpha}$ and epoetin-${\beta}$, European Pharmacopoeia) by CZE method resulted in isoform 2 through isoform 8. The major peaks in electrophoregram were composed of isoform 3 through 7. Our recombinant EPO (epoetin-${\alpha}$) having equivalent in vivo biological activity showed the isoform distribution of isoform 3 through 9. The major peaks consisted of isoform 4 through 8. The peak area of isoform 4 was always smaller than that of isoform 5. The preparations of recombinant epoetin-${\alpha}$ with lower in vivo biological activity than EPO-BRP showed the isoform 2 through 8 in their electrophoregrams whose major peaks consisted of the isoform 3 through 7. The peak area of isoform 4 was larger than that of isoform 5.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.424-431
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• 2000

A biopharmaceutics drug classification system for correlation between in vitro dissolution and in vivo bioavailability is proposed based on recognizing that drug dissolution and gastrointestinal permeability are the fundamental parameters controlling the rate and extent of drug absorption. The objective of this study was to assess whether in vitro dissolution profiles of immediate-release beta-blocker tablets can be correlated with intestinal membrane permeability and/or in vivo bioavailability In vitro dissolution of the beta-blocker tablets was examined using KP VII Apparatus II methods at various pH. Intestinal membrane permeability was determined in vitro using the diffusion chamber method. Bioavailablity parameters were cited from literatures. The dissolution profiles did not accurately represent the in vivo bioavailablity However there were good correlations between intestinal membrane permeability and log P (noctanol/buffer). The correlations obtained in this study indicated that in vitro diffusion chamber method could be used to predict intestinal absorption in vivo.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.24 no.7
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• pp.1007-1010
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• 2011

The objective was to evaluate in vitro prediction of ileal digestibility of protein and amino acids (AA) for current nursery pig diets (n = 10) by using pepsin and pancreatin incubations. To compare in vivo ileal digestibility, forty nursery pigs (4 pigs per diet) with an initial BW of $12.2{\pm}2.7$ kg were surgically equipped with T-cannula in the distal ileum. In all cases, the values of in vitro digestibility were higher than those of in vivo digestibility (p<0.05). With regard to the relationships of essential and non essential AA (CP), the $r^2$ value was 0.76. With regard to AA, high relationships were observed in Ile, Thr, and Gly (0.85, 0.83, and 0.89, respectively). Also, there was a lower relationship for Arg, Met, Ala, Asp, Glu, Pro, Ser, and Tyr with $R^2$ values of 0.56, 0.54, 0.40, 0.54, 0.45, 0.24, 0.49, and 0.35, respectively between in vitro and in vivo digestibility. The EAA relationship ($R^2$ = 0.71) was generally higher than that of NEAA ($R^2$ = 0.50) numerically. In conclusion, there were strong linear relationships between in vivo and in vitro ileal digestibility (CP, Ile, Thr, and Gly). In vitro prediction of ileal digestibility (CP, Ile, Thr, and Gly) seems to have significant potential for practical application.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.83-90
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• 1995

Production of calves after transfer of nuclear transplant embryos is the latest technology to be applied in commercial livestock breeding. The objective of this study was to establish an efficient procedure to produce offsprings from nuclear transplant embryos. The fusion rates (72.7% vs. 80.8%), cleavage rates (62.5% vs. 71.4%) and rates of development in vitro (12.0% vs. 15.2%) of nuclear transplant embryos were not significantly different between 30 and 40h maturation age of cytoplast. The in vivo and in vitro-derived embryos as nuclei donor were used in this system of bovine nuclear transplantation. Fusion rates of nuclear transplant embryos were not significantly different between in vivo and in vitro-derived embryos (73.0 and 79.2%, respectively). The percentage of embryos reaching the morulae or blastocysts were 21.8% for in vivo-derived embryos and 11.9% for in vitro-derived embryos (p<0.01). Pregnancy rates after embryo transfer of nuclear transplant embryos were not significantly different between in vivo and in vitro-derived embryos (45.9 and 40.5%, respectively). However, calving rates after embryo transfer of nuclear transplant embryos were significantly higher in the in vivo-derived embryos than in vitro (p<0.01). Further research for age of cytoplast and use of in vitro-derived embryos as nuclei donor is required in this system. In conclusion, these results clearly show that the use of in vitro-derived oocytes as recipient cytoplast can improve the nuclear transplant system for genetic progress in cattle.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.35-43
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• 2024

Numerous methods have been applied to assess the antibacterial effectiveness of hand hygiene products. However, the different results obtained through various evaluation methods have complicated our understanding of the real efficacy of the products. Few studies have compared test methods for assessing the efficacy of hand hygiene products. In particular, reports on ex vivo pig skin testing are limited. This study aimed to compare and characterize the methodologies applied for evaluating hand hygiene products, involving in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo approaches, applicable to both leave-on sanitizers and wash-off products. Our further aim was to enhance the reliability of ex vivo test protocols by identifying influential factors. We performed an in vitro method (EN1276) and an in vivo test (EN1499 and ASTM2755) with at least 20 participants, against Serratia marcescens or Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. For the ex vivo experiment, we used pig skin squares prepared in the same way as those used in the in vivo test method and determined the optimal treated sample volumes for sanitizers and the amount of water required to wash off the product. The hand sanitizers showed at least a 5-log reduction in bacterial load in the in vitro test, while they showed little antibacterial activity in the in vivo and ex vivo tests, particularly those with a low alcohol content. For the hand wash products, the in vitro test was limited because of bubble formation or the high viscosity of the products and it showed low antibacterial activity of less than a 1-log reduction against E. coli. In contrast, significantly higher log reductions were observed in ex vivo and in vivo tests, consistently demonstrating these results across the two methods. Our findings revealed that the ex vivo and in vivo tests reflect the two different antibacterial mechanisms of leave-on and wash-off products. Our proposed optimized ex vivo test was more rapid and more precise than the in vitro test to evaluate antibacterial results.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.271-275
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• 2002

Fatty Acid contents of entomopathogenic nematodes(EPNs) were examined by various types of nematodes and culture methods. Seven different types EPNs cultured by in vivo did not contain same fatty acid contents, but similar compositions. It was also found that Steinernema carpocapsae among EPNs cultured by in vivo and in vitro contained not only different fatty acid contents, but also revealed distinctive motilities in a soil. The addition of olive oil in the in vitro culture medium resulted in similar fatty acid contents of S. carpocapsae to in vivo and greatly improved the pathogenicity of nematodes compared to that of soy oil in the medium.