• 한국재료학회지
• /
• 제18권1호
• /
• pp.38-44
• /
• 2008

The micro-structural changes, strength characteristics, and micro-fractural behaviors at the joint interface between a Sn-4.0wt%Ag-0.5wt%Cu solder ball and UBM treated by isothermal aging are reported. From the reflow process for the joint interface, a small amount of intermetallic compound was formed. With an increase in the isothermal aging time, the type and amount of the intermetallic compound changed. The interface without an isothermal treatment showed a ductile fracture. However, with an increase in the aging time, a brittle fracture occurred on the interface due mainly to the increase in the size of the intermetallic compounds and voids. As a result, a drastic degradation in the shear strength was observed. From a microshear test by a scanning electron microscope, the generation of micro-cracks was initiated from the voids at the joint interface. They propagated along the same interface, resulting in coalescence with neighboring cracks into larger cracks. With an increase in the aging time, the generation of the micro-structural cracks was enhanced and the degree of propagation also accelerated.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국지하수토양환경학회 2004년도 총회 및 춘계학술발표회
• /
• pp.77-82
• /
• 2004

Quantifying rates of microbial processes under subsurface conditions is difficult, and is most commonly approximated by laboratory studies using aquifer materials. In this study a single-well, 'push-pull' test method is adapted for the in situ determination of denitrification rates in groundwater aquifers. The rates of stepwise reduction of nitrate to nitrite, nitrous oxide, and molecular nitrogen were determined by performing a series of push-pull tests at an experimental well field of Korea University. A single Transport Test, one Biostimulation Test, and four Activity Tests were conducted for this study. Transport tests are conducted to evaluate the mobility of solutes used in subsequent tests. These included bromide (a conservative tracer), fumarate (a carbon and/or source), and nitrate (an electron acceptor). At this site, extraction phase breakthrough curves for all solutes were similar, indicating apparent conservative transport of the solutes prior to biostimulation. Biostimulation tests were conducted to stimulate the activity of indigenous heterotrophic denitrifyinc microorganisms. Biostimulation was detected by the simultaneous production of carbon dioxide and nitrite after each injection. Activity tests were conducted to quantify rates of nitrate, nitrite, and nitrous oxide reduction. Estimated zero-order degradation rates decreased in the order nitrate '||'&'||'gt; nitrite '||'&'||'gt; nitrous oxide. The series of push-pull tests developed and field tested in this study should prove useful for conducting rapid, low-cost feasibi1ity assessments for in situ denitrification in nitrate-contaminated aquifers.

• KIEAE Journal
• /
• 제16권4호
• /
• pp.71-77
• /
• 2016

Purpose : The energy saving in a residential building (apartment) sector is known as one of the effective solution of energy reduction. In South Korea, the government has recently reinforced regulations associated with the energy performance of buildings. However, there is a lack of research on the methods for the energy performance diagnosis that is used to analyze the wall thermal performance of the existing apartments. Because a reliable diagnosis is necessary to save the building energy, this study analyzed wall thermal performance of an existing apartment in Seoul. Method : This paper applied two methods for analysis of the thermal insulation performance; HFM(Heat Flow Meter) method and ASTR(Air-Surface Temperature Ratio) method. The HFM method is suggested by ISO9869-1 code to measure the thermal performance. The ASTR method is proposed by this study for the simplified In-situ measurement and it uses three temperature data (interior wall surface, interior and exterior air) and the overall heat transfer coefficient. This study conducted the experiment of an existing apartment in Seoul using these methods and analyzed the results. Furthermore, the energy simulation tool of the building was used to suggest retrofit of the building based on the results of measurements. Result : The error rate of HFM method and ASTR method was analyzed in about 17 to 20%. As the results of comparison between the initial design values of the wall and the measured values, the 26% degradation of insulation thermal performance was measured. Lastly, the energy simulation tool of the building shows 10.8% energy savings in accordance with the construction of suggested retrofit.

• 대한환경공학회지
• /
• 제33권10호
• /
• pp.723-730
• /
• 2011

본 연구는 토양이나 지하수 원위치 화학적 산화법(In-Situ Chemical Oxidation, ISCO)에서 사용할 수 있는 산화제 Persulfate를 상온에서 활용할 수 있도록 RDX를 처리대상물질로 연구하였다. Persulfate로 RDX를 처리한 결과, 반응은 유사1차반응으로 나타났으며 온도가 증가함에 따라 분해속도도 증가하였고, 이 때 활성화에너지(Activation energy)는 $1.14{\times}10^2kJ/mol$으로 산정되었다. Persulfate에 의한 RDX의 분해반응속도는 pH에 비례하여 증가하였으며, pH값이 4, 6, 8일 때 반응속도의 변화가 크지 않았다. 그러나 pH 10에서는 13배 이상 증가하였는데, persulfate에 의한 산화가 아니라 alkaline hydrolysis로 나타났다. Persulfate에 의한 RDX의 분해반응속도는 persulfate/RDX의 몰 비율에 따라 선형적으로 증가하였으며, $70^{\circ}C$에서 측정한 비례상수는 $4{\times}10^{-4}$ ($min^{-1}$/몰 비율)이었다. 용액 내 천연유기물(NOM) 농도가 증가함에 따라 persulfate에 의한 RDX 분해속도 선형 감소하였으며 $70^{\circ}C$, persulfate/RDX 몰비 10/1에서 측정한 비례상수는 $1.21{\times}10^{-4}$ ($min^{-1}{\cdot}L/mg-NOM$)이었다. 반응속도의 감소는 NOM 첨가량에 선형적으로 비례하였다. NOM 20 mg/L을 첨가한 반응의 Ea값은, 무첨가 반응에서 산정된 Ea값과 3.3% 오차에 불과하였는데, 이는 NOM의 첨가가 본래의 산화반응을 변화시키지는 않음을 의미한다.

• 멤브레인
• /
• 제26권2호
• /
• pp.141-145
• /
• 2016

고분자전해질막은 전극 이외에 전기 화학 연료전지의 성능을 결정하는 중요한 요소이다. 고분자전해질막은 가스나 양성자 등의 작은 분자를 선택적으로 수송해야 한다. 고분자전해질막을 투과한 가스는 급속히 전기 화학적 환원을 발생시켜 음극 촉매의 열화를 유발하기 때문에 수소 장벽으로 작동해야 하며 가능한 한 빨리 양성자를 이동시켜야 한다. 지금까지 고분자전해질막의 수소 기체 투과도를 측정하는데 한정된 방법(예 : Constant volume/variable pressure (Time-lag)법)을 사용했다. 그러나 측정의 대부분은 고분자전해질막은 건조된 진공 하에서 이루어진다. 그렇지 않으면 얻어진 수소 투과도는 측정 오차가 커지는 원인이 되기 쉽다. 이 연구에서는 일반적으로 고분자전해질막으로 사용되는 Nafion212의 수소 가스 투과 특성을 온도와 습도가 동시에 제어되는 in-situ 측정 시스템을 이용하여 평가하였다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제16권9호
• /
• pp.1280-1284
• /
• 2003

The number of protozoa and VFA content in the rumen fluid, in situ disappearance and turnover rate were examined with four rumen-fistulated cattle given either sugarcane stalk or Ruzi grass hay in order to clarify the manner of rumen digestion of sugarcane stalk. Cattle were given either sugarcane stalk or Ruzi grass hay at 1.0% of body weight level with commercial concentrate feed. Feeding sugarcane stalk reduced acetate content and increased propionate and butyrate contents in rumen fluid. While rapidlysoluble fraction of sugarcane stalk was 42%, the insoluble but potentially degradable fraction was only 17%. This clearly showed that sugarcane stalk mainly consisted of water soluble fraction (i.e. sugar) and tough fiber (i.e. bagasse). The ruminal degradation rate of both Ruzi grass hay and sugarcane stalk was lower in the animal given sugarcane stalk in comparison with those given Ruzi grass hay. While the turnover rate of liquid phase was about 50% higher in the animals given sugarcane stalk than in the animals given Ruzi grass hay, that of the solid phase was about 40% lower in the animals given sugarcane stalk. The effective degradability of DM of sugarcane stalk was higher than that of Ruzi grass hay. Sugarcane would be a promising roughage for ruminants in the tropics especially, in the dry season.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
• /
• 제3권1호
• /
• pp.11-14
• /
• 1998

A toluene-oxidizing strain of Pseudomanas mendocina KR1 containing toluene-4-mono-oxygenase (TMO) completely degrades TCE with the addition of toluene as a co-substrate in aerobic condition. In order to construct in situ bioremediation system for TCE degradation without any growth-stimulating nutrients or toxic inducer such as toluene, we used the carbon-starvation promoter of Pseudomonas putida MK1 (Kim, Y. et al., J. bacteriol., 1995). Upon entry into the stationary phase due to the deprivation of nutrients, this promoter is strongly induced without further cell growth. The TMO gene cluster (4.5 kb) was spliced downstream of the carbon starvation promoter of Pseudomonas putida MK1, already cloned in pUC19. TMO under the carbon starvation promoter was not expressed in E. coli cells either in stationary phase or exponential phase. For TMO expression in Pseudomonas strains, tmo and carbon starvation promoter region were recloned into a modified broad-host range vector pMMB67HES which was made from pMMB67HE(8.9 kb) by deletion of tac promoter and lacIq (about 1.5 kb). Indigo was produced by TMO under the carbon starvation promoter in a Pseudomonas strain of post-exponential phase on M9 (0.2% glucose and 1mM indole) or LB. 18% of TCE was degraded in 14 hours after entering the stationary phase at the initial concentration of 6.6 ${\mu}$M in liquid phase.

• 한국환경농학회지
• /
• 제14권2호
• /
• pp.179-185
• /
• 1995

Carbofuran의 aminothio 유도체로서 국내에서 사용되고 있는 살충제들인 carbosulfan, furathiocarb 및 benfuracarb를 논 및 밭상태 수분조건별로 토양에 처리하고 토양중 분해양상 및 carbofuran 방출 특성을 조사하였다. 토양에 처리한 유도체들은 토양중에서 carbamoyl N-S간 결합의 붕괴에 따라 carbofuran을 빠른 속도로 방출하였다. 토앙중 분해반감기는 $23{\sim}68$시간 범위로서 유도체 측쇄구조 및 토양수분조건에 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났다. 토양 처리 5일후 유도체농약들의 carbofuran으로의 유효전환율은 $64{\sim}84%$ 범위였으며 유도체형태로의 처리는 carbofuran 직접처리에 비하여 토양중 carbofuran 전류수준의 급격한 상승을 완화, 직접살포에 따른 부작용을 경감시킬 수 있을 것으로 판단되었다.

• Tribology and Lubricants
• /
• 제24권3호
• /
• pp.111-121
• /
• 2008

An integrated in-line oil monitoring detector assigned for continuous in situ monitoring multiple parameters of oil performance for predicting economically optimal oil change intervals and equipment condition control is presented in this study. The detector estimates oil deterioration based on the information about chemical degradation, total contamination, water content of oil and oil temperature. The oil oxidation is estimated by "chromatic ratio", total contamination is measured by the changes in optical intensity of oil in three optical wavebands ("Red", "Green" and "Blue") and water content is evaluated as Relative Saturation of oil by water. The detector is able to monitor oils with low light absorption (hydraulic, transformer, turbine, compressor and etc. oils) as well as oils with rather high light absorption in visible waveband (diesel and etc. oils). In a case study that the detector is applied to a diesel engine oil, it is found that the detector provides good results on oil chemical degradation as well as soot concentration.

• 유기물자원화
• /
• 제23권4호
• /
• pp.11-20
• /
• 2015

원지반에서의 저품위 석탄층의 생물학적 메탄 생산을 위한 기초연구를 수행하였다. 인도네시아산 갈탄을 시료로 이용하였으며, 조건을 달리하여 BMP(Biochemical Methane Potential) 실험을 수행하였다. 갈탄에 영양물질과 혐기성 슬러지만 제공한 경우, 온도(23, $30^{\circ}C$)나 석탄의 입자크기는 메탄가스 생산에 영향을 주지 않았다. 이는 가용한 용해성 유기물질이 낮기 때문이다. 외부탄소원으로 볏짚을 갈탄에 첨가한 후 BMP 실험을 수행하였으며, 60일간의 BMP 실험 후 볏짚 첨가에 의한 메탄가스 발생량은 94.4~110.4 mL/g VS이었다. BMP 실험 후 갈탄의 발열량은 볏짚 첨가량이 증가할수록 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 이는 볏짚의 혐기성 분해와 함께 갈탄의 분해가 이루어졌음을 의미한다. 따라서 원지반에서의 저품위 석탄층의 생물학적 메탄 생산의 초기 운전 시에 볏짚을 탄소원으로 사용할 수 있다.