• Korean Journal of Optics and Photonics
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.351-361
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• 2007

The samples composed of a GST thin film and the protective layers of $ZnS-SiO_2$ or $Al_2O_3$ coated on c-Si substrate were prepared by using the magnetron sputtering method. Samples of three different structures were prepared, that is, i) the GST single film on c-Si substrate, ii) the GST film sandwiched by the protective $ZnS-SiO_2$ layers on c-Si substrate, and iii) the GST film sandwiched by $Al_2O_3$ protective layers on c-Si substrate. The ellipsometric constants in the temperature range from room temperature to $700^{\circ}C$ were obtained by using the in-situ ellipsometer equipped with a conventional heating chamber. The measured ellipsometric constants show strong variations versus temperature. The variation of ellipsometric constants at the temperature region higher than $300^{\circ}C$ shows different behaviors as the ambient medium is changed from in air to in vacuum or the protective layers are changed from $ZnS-SiO_2$ to $Al_2O_3$. Since the long heating time of 1-2 hours is believed to be the origin of the high temperature variation of ellipsometric constants upon the heating environment and the protective layers, a PRAM (Phase-Change Random Access Memory) recorder is introduced to reduce the heating time drastically. By using the PRAM recorder, the GST samples are heated up to $700^{\circ}C$ decomposed preventing its partial evaporation or chemical reactions with adjacent protective layers. The surface image obtained by SEM and the surface micro-roughness verified by AFM also confirmed that samples prepared by the PRAM recorder have smoother surface than the samples prepared by using the conventional heater.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.122-136
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• 2000

Chronic illness requiring attention and management during a long period of time puts great burden onto patients, their family and society. For patients with chronic illnesses, providing social support is the most important, and the fundamental support comes from their spouses. Amount and quality of support from spouses seems to differentiated according to the sex of patients. Female patients tend to believe that their spouses are not very supportive. Therefore, the researchers assessed the burden of husbands of female arthritis patients to discover the factors that result in greater burden. Also, they developed a theoretical model of husbands′ care for their wives through a qualitative research into husbands′ experience. Method 1: The study material was 650 female arthritis patients registered in an arthritis clinic. The questionnaire about the disease experience of female arthritis patients and the burden of husbands were sent. Returned questionnaires numbered 210(32.3%) and 27 were excluded because of inadequate answers. The remaining 183 questionnaires were analyzed. The mean age of the patients was 51 years and the mean age of spouses was 55 years. The mean marital period was 28 years. The average duration since diagnosis was 9.1 years. Education level was varied from primary school to graduate school, and average income/month was 1,517,300 won. Method 2: Initial questionnaire studies on the burden of husbands were performed. Among 183 responding husbands, 23 consented to participate for a qualitative research. Data was obtained by direct and telephone interviews. The mean age of participants was 58 years, and the educational level and socioeconomic status also varied. Result: 1. Husbands′ burden: The average burden was 57.68 with a range of 6-96. 2. Burden and general characteristics: The husband′s burden correlated with the age of the patients, numbers in the family, therapy methods, patient′s level of discomfort, patient′s disease severity, patient′s level of dependence and the husband′s understanding of the level of severity. 3. Linear correlation analysis on burden: The husbands′ burden is explained in 22.5% by husband′s recognition of level of severity and husbands′ age. 4. There were four patterns of the burden on husbands: both objectve burden and subjective burden were high(pattern I), both of objectve burden and subjective burden were low(pattern II), objective burden was high but subjective burden was low(pattern III), objective burden was low but subjective burden was high(pattern IV). The pattern was correlated with the family income, educational level of the patients and their husbands, therapy methods, patient′s level of discomfort, patient′s disease severity, patient′s level of dependence and husband′s understanding of level of severity. 5. The core category of the caring experience of the husbands with arthritis patients was "companionship". The causal factor was the patients′ experience due to symptoms : physical disfigurement, pain, immobility, limitation of house chores, and limitation of social activities. Contextural factors are husbands′ identification of housework and husbands′ concern about the disease. The mediating factors are economic problems, fear of aging, feeling of limitation and family support. The strategy for interaction is mind control and how to solve emotional stress. The "companionship" resulted from caring activities, participation of household activities, helping patients′ to coping with emotional experience. 6. Companionship is established through the process of entering intervention, and caring state of mind. Entering intervention is the phase of participation of therapy and involvement of houseworks. The caring phase consists of decision on therapy, providing therapy, providing direct care, and taking over the household role of wife. Through caring phase, the changing phase set a stage in which husbands consolidate the relationship with their wives, and are reminded of the meaning of marriage. As a result, in changing phase, husbands′ companionship is enhanced. In conclusion, nursing care of chronic illnesses should include a family member especially the spouse. All information on disease shoud be provided to patients and whole family member. Strong support should also be provided to overcome difficulties in taking over role of other sex. Then the quality of life of patients and families will be much improved.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.11-17
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• 1998

Variations of hepatocyte in the larval liver of grouper, Epinephelus akaara wre examined to understand the effect of starvation during the first feeding period, 3 to 5 days after hatching. Total length of the fed larvae increased from the 5th day after hatching, although no significant difference between the fed and starved larvae was found untill the 4th day after hatching. Survival rate of the starved larvae decreased from the 4th day after hatching, and almost all of the larvae died by the 5th day after hatching. Nuclear size of hepatocyte in the starved larvae starterd to decrease from the 4th day after hatching. The sizes by 4th and 5th days after hatching in the starved larvae were 1.4 to 1.9 times smaller than those in the fed ones. Hepatocytes in the starved larvae showed irregular morphology in which the nuclei were irregularly shrunk and highly compacted from the 4th day, while hepatocyte nuclei in the fed ones maintained their uniform features during the whole experimental period. These results implied that the initial larval food should be supplied at least within the 4th day after hatching. Also, it suggested that the size of hepatocyte nucleus might be and indicator of starvation for wild and cultured grouper larvae.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.248-262
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• 1987

This experiment was conducted to study plant characteristics and dry matter production of several rice varieties. The results are summarized as follows. 1. Culm length was gradually shortened as varieties were improved and showed significant decrease in Japonica X Indica hybrids. 2. Panicle length seems to be shortened as varieties changed from group I to group III. However, varieties in group IV had longer panicle length in spite of shortening tendency in other groups. 3. Leaf blade length was decreased as varieties improved, but leaf blade width was increased. 4. Panicle exertion showed significant decrease as varieties improved. 5. Number of panicles per square meter among Japonica varieties was gradually increased and similar to the number of spikelets per panicle. Number of spikelets on Indica X Japonica hybrids were higher than Japonica varieties, whereas 1,000 kernel weight was slightly decreased. 6. Dry weight of leaf sheath and culm, and leaf blade was highest at the time of heading and the weight of panicle showed significant increase between 10 and 20 days after heading. 7. The maximum crop growth ratios of leaf blade, stem and panicles were attadined at the stage of heading, booting and milking, respectively. 8. The distribution ratio of dry matter was higher in leaf blade than in stem at the tillering stage. At the heading stage, the distribution ratio of dry matter was higher in order of culm, leaf blade and panicle. At the maturing stage, the ratio was higher in order of panicle, stem and laf blade. 9. Correlation coefficients among grain yield, harvest index, and biological yield were all significant and they were positive.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.118-124
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• 1998

Purpose : There is no specific treatment guidelines for Henoch-$Sch{\ddot{o}}nlein$(HS) nephritis. Therefore we performed this study to observe the effect of long term steroid therapy combined with azathioprine Methods : Treatment protocols; 1) Steroid pulse therapy: methylprednisolon 30 mg/kg/dose, maximum 1 gm, intravenolisly 6 times for alternate day. 2) Oral steroid was given 2 mg/kg/day for 1 month, 1 mg/kg/day for following 1 month and alternate day oral steroid combined with azathioprine 2 mg/kg/day for 2 years. Results : Time period from HSP to onset of HS nephritis was between 2 weeks to 5 months with mean $7.4{\pm}7.4$ weeks. Clinical remission were seen in 4 cases out of 5 ($80\%$). Mean time period with disappearance of proteinuria and microscopic hematuria were $5{\pm}2.4$ month and $13.3{\pm}2.9$ month respectively. On pathologic findings by ISKDC, 3 cases were grade IIIb, 2 cases were grade IV in first kidney biopsies and showed pathologic improvement in follow up tidneybiopsiesafterlyearstreatment. Conclusion : As there is no definitive treatment for HS nephritis so far, our study of long term oral steroid therapy with azathioprine was effective in clinical and histologic aspect. Therefore further study in HS nephritis with in a large group will be needed in the future.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.138-144
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• 1998

Purpose : The use of cyclosporine and mitomycin in various immunologic or neoplastic disorders has been known to cause wide-ranged nephrotoxic effects including thrombotic microangiopathy. However, the mechanism of nephrotoxicity of these drugs has not been studied adequately, so that present experimental study has been undertaken to find out whether these drugs can cause direct damage to the kidney and to clarify the pathogenetic mechanism of nephrotoxic effect of these drugs. Materials and methods : Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 250-300 gm were used for experimental animals and unilateral renal perfusion technique, modified from the method described by Hoyer et al was used. Isolation of left kidney from systemic circulation was made by clamping aorta and left renal vein and a hole was punctured in the anterior wall of the left renal vein. Cyclosporine (2.5 mg in 4 ml solution) and mitomycin (1.6 mg in 4ml solution) were infused through left renal artery and normal saline was used in control rats. Forty-eight hours after infusion of the drugs, animals were sacrificed and left kidney removed and processed for histologic examination. Total ischemic time of left kidney was less than 15 minutes: Results : Cyclosporine-perfused group showed severe swelling of glomerular endothelial ceil along with swelling of glomerular epithelial cell and interstitial vascular endothelial cell. Mitomycin-perfused group also showed severe swelling of glomerular endothelial and epithelial cells. And in addition to these findings, they demonstrated platelets aggregation, swelling and degranulation of platelets and fibrin accumulation in some of the capillaries, indicating occurrance of thrombotic microangiopathy. Conclusion : present experiment indicates that cyclosporine and mitomycin can cause direct toxic injury to renal endothelial cell. And this direct toxic damage to endothelial cell seems to be an important initiating event for the development of thrombotic microangiopathy.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.196-203
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• 2003

The application of sealants is a highly technique-sensitive procedure, requiring an extremely dry field prior to placement. Moisture contamination of the etched enamel surface before sealant placement is cited as the main reason for sealant failure. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of different methods of sealant application on the shear bond strength of sealants to enamel. In groups 1, 2, 3, 4 Teethmate(unfilled sealant) was used, while Ultraseal XTplus(filled sealant) was used in groups 5, 6, 7, 8. Groups 1 and 5(control) were acid etched for 15 seconds using 35% phosphoric acid, washed and then dried. In groups 2, 6 drying agents were applied, and in groups 3, 7 bonding agents were applied and light cured. In groups 4 and 8 both drying agent and bonding agent were applied. Then sealant was cured to the specimen using molds 3mm in diameter and 2mm in height. Thermocycling was performed and shear bond strength was finally measured. The following results were obtained : 1. Groups using filled sealant(groups 5, 6, 7, 8) showed higher shear bond strengths compared to groups using unfilled sealant(groups 1, 2, 3, 4). 2. Among groups using unfilled sealant(groups 1, 2, 3, 4), groups 2, 3, 4 showed significantly higher shear bond strength compared to group 1(p<0.05). There were no significant differences among groups 2, 3 and 4. 3. There were no significant differences(p>0.05) among groups using filled sealant(groups 5, 6, 7, 8). 4. When modes of fracture were examined, cohesive failure was observed in groups 2, 3 and 4.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.9-35
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• 2004

A launching State shall be absolutely liable to pay compensation for damage caused by its space object on the surface of the earth or to aircraft in flight. The compensation which the launching State shall be liable to pay for damage under "the Convention on International Liability for Damage caused by Space Objects" shall be determined in accordance with international law and the principles of justice and equity, in order to provide such reparation in respect of the damage as will restore the person, natural or juridical, State or international organisation on whose behalf the claim is presented to the condition which would have existed if the damage had not occurred. In the event of damage being caused elsewhere than on the surface of the earth to a space object of one launching State or to persons or property on board such a space object by a space object of another launching State, and of damage thereby being caused to a third State or to its natural or juridical persons, the first two States shall be jointly and severally liable to the third State, to the extent indicated by the following: If the damage has been caused to the third State on the surface of the earth or to aircraft in flight, their liability to the third State shall be absolute; If the damage has been caused to a space object of the third State or to persons or property on board that space object elsewhere than on the surface of the earth, their liability to the third State shall be based on the fault of either of the first two States or on the fault of persons for whom either is responsible. The Insurance requirements are satisfied for a launch or return authorised by a launch permit if the holder of the permit or authorisation is insured against any liability that the holder might incur to pay compensation for any damage to third parties that the launch or return causes; and the Commonwealth is insured against any liability that Commonwealth might incur, under the Liability Convention or otherwise under international law, to pay compensation for such damage. The liability for Damage caused by Space Objects should be regulated in detail in Korea.

• Journal of Distribution Research
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.1-27
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• 2011

I. Introduction: This study is to examine the structural relationships among exogenous variable (preliminary and post-support, franchisee's perceived business possibility, communication, moral hazard), the mediated variables(satisfaction, perceived risk, trust) and dependent variable(recontracting intention) in the food service franchise industry context. More specifically, this study has considered some realistic characteristics factors influencing satisfaction, perceived risk and trust between franchisors and franchisees and their further recontracting intention from the perspective of a practical approach. In this study, 437 data has been collected and used for the SPSS and AMOS analysis. The data were analyzed with structural equation modeling. Since the result of the overall model analysis demonstrated a good fit, we could further analyze our data. II. Research Model: This study is to examine the structural relationships among preliminary and post-support by franchisor, franchisee's perceived business possibility, and communication, moral hazard, has on effect on franchisee's satisfaction, perceived risk, trust and recontracting intention in the food service franchise industry context. Hypotheses are as following (Stern & EL-Ansary 1988; Oliver, 1997;Kee & Knox, 1970; Moorman, Deshpande & Zaltman, 1993; Perron, 1998; Zaheer, McEvily, Perrone, 1998). III. Result and Implication: We examined franchisee who have food service stores for samples of this study. The data were analyzed with structural equation modeling using path analysis. The result of the overall model analysis appeared as following: ${\chi}^2$ = 61.578 (d.f.=9, p<0.01), CFI =.990, GFI =.973, AGFI =.863, RMR =.019, RMSEA= .116, NFI = .988, TLI = .959. The findings can be summarized as follows: First, preliminary and post support of franchisor, perceived business possibility and communication positively influence to franchisee's satisfaction. Second, moral hazard of franchisor has negatively influence to franchisee's satisfaction and positively influence to perceived risk. Third, franchisee's satisfaction and trust has positively influence to recontracting intention. Fourth, franchisee's perceived risk has negatively influence to trust and recontracting intention. We can concluded that franchisor's preliminary and post support of franchisor, perceived business possibility and communication may be considered as the important factors influence to franchisee's satisfaction. Moral hazard has become a focused issue in franchise industry. Finally, the managerial implication has been stated as followings: First, in the process of building a systematic industry support franchise system and developing a creative business model, franchisee's stable profitability should be considered as the first important factor. The franchisee's trust to franchise may become a dominant factor that influence the business expansion of franchisor. Second, franchisor should communication with their franchisees and deal with the realistic difficulties faced by them with an effort. Third, the franchisor should achieve a synergy effect by utilizing the win-win strategy. The moral hazard strategy that achieving the profit through franchisee's damage will not be inadvisable to franchisor. Then the long-term oriented development and profitability can be maintained. To do so, the franchise industry may break away from the traditional business structure to improve management transparency and competitiveness on investment and organizational changing management. The conflict between franchisor and franchisee also can be reduced and big success can be achieved in the franchise industry.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.97 no.6
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• pp.627-633
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• 2008

This study was conducted to estimate volume growth rates for major Quercus species distributed in Korea, and based on the data collected from the 5th National Forest Inventory. Volume growth rates were estimated by each age class for each species, and their similarity or distinction was statistically analyzed. It was also intended to compare the resulted volume growth rates with the existing growth rates, and to develope a volume growth rate estimation model for the Quercus species. Six major Quercus species were considered in this study; Quercus acutissima, Quercus aliena, Quercus serrata, Quercus variabilis, Quercus dentata, and Quercus mongolica. Based on the data collected from the 5th National Forest Inventory, the diameter growth rates and the height growth rates were estimated for each species, and then the volume growth rates were estimated with the given diameter and height growth rates. To examine the distinction between species or age classes, statistical analyses such as ANOVA and Duncan's multiple range test were applied. The results indicated that the volume growth rate was 10% in the age class II, 6% in the age class III, and lower in the subsequent classes. In addition, the volume growth rates of Quercus acutissima, Quercus aliena, and Quercus serrata were relatively high compared to those of Quercus variabilis, Quercus dentata, and Quercus mongolica. According to their growth rates, the six Quercus species were classified into two groups; high-growth-rate group and low-growth-rate group. Statistical analysis conducted to examine the difference between and within the groups showed that there is no significant difference within groups, while significant between groups. Based on the results, volume growth rate estimation model were finally developed for each group. The classification of the Quercus species suggested in this study was not the same with that of existing volume growth estimation. Thus, it is necessary to improve the existing volume growth rate or its estimation system.