• Journal of Life Science
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.419-430
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• 2016

Powdery mildew disease caused by Podosphaera xanthii is a major concern for Cucumis melo production worldwide. Knowledge on genetic behavior of the related genes and their modulating phytohormones often offer the most efficient approach to develop resistance against different diseases. Mildew Resistance Locus O (MLO) genes encode proteins with seven transmembrane domains that have significant function in plant resistance to powdery mildew fungus. We collected 14 MLO genes from ‘Melonomics’ database. Multiple sequence analysis of MLO proteins revealed the existence of both evolutionary conserved cysteine and proline residues. Moreover, natural genetic variation in conserved amino acids and their replacement by other amino acids are also observed. Real-time quantitative PCR expression analysis was conducted for the leaf samples of P. xanthii infected and phyto-hormones (methyl jasmonate and salicylic acid) treated plants in melon ‘SCNU1154’ line. Upon P. xanthii infection using 7 different races, the melon line showed variable disease reactions with respect to spread of infection symptoms and disease severity. Three out of 14 CmMLO genes were up-regulated and 7 were down-regulated in leaf samples in response to all races. The up- or down-regulation of the other 4 CmMLO genes was race-specific. The expression of 14 CmMLO genes under methyl jasmonate and salicylic acid application was also variable. Eleven CmMLO genes were up-regulated under salicylic acid treatment, and 7 were up-regulated under methyl jasmonate treatments in C. melo L. Taken together, these stress-responsive CmMLO genes might be useful resources for the development of powdery mildew disease resistant C. melo L.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.1626-1632
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• 2008

Among patients who are receiving treatments at an oriental medical hospital for various symptoms and diseases, patients whose main disease is accompanied by metabolic syndrome with abnormal liver function. This research was performed in order to observe the progression of changes in the liver function and serum lipid profile after the oriental medical treatments to patients who have been receiving oriental medical treatment for various other diseases and have been diagnosed as having metabolic syndrome at their first visit to the hospital based on NCEP ATP III diagnosis criteria and WHO Asia Pacific region criteria. Total number of subject patients were 39cases(mean age:55.58${\pm}$2.09 years) which had 20 male and 19 female. For the references for hepatic enzyme levels and blood lipid profile were measured in before treatment and four times after treatments(every 2.31${\pm}$06.17 weeks). Serum AST was 48.86${\pm}$7.46 IU/L before oriental medical treatment. After the treatment, 40.63${\pm}$4.69, 43.12${\pm}$5.46, 37.82${\pm}$4.52 IU/L were measured where although the level decreased to the normal level compared to pre-treatment, the value was not significant statistically(P>0.05). ALT was 66.26${\pm}$11.01 IU/L before oriental medical treatment. After the treatment 62.10${\pm}$8.20, 61.10${\pm}$8.76, 43.79${\pm}$5.68 were measured where although the level decreased, abnormally high level was maintained. The last result was significant statistically(P<0.05) compared to pre-treatment. ALP was 193.06${\pm}$14.20 IU/L before oriental medical treatment. After the treatment, 176.80${\pm}$6.48, 177.46${\pm}$11.81, 162.41${\pm}$9.06 where although compared to pre-treatment the last result was significant statistically(P<0.05), the change was within the normal range. ${\gamma}$-GGT was 87.83${\pm}$12.59 IU/L before oriental medical treatment. After the treatment, progressively near normal level was achieved with 118.73${\pm}$46.45, 85.03${\pm}$17.12, 70.64${\pm}$10.93 and the last result was statistically significant compared to pre-treatment (P<0.05). Blood triglyceride was 217.63${\pm}$32.18 mg/dL before oriental medical treatment. After treatment 215.09${\pm}$22.18, 189.93${\pm}$22.44, 191.22${\pm}$18.51 where abnormal values continued even after treatment although results was not statistically significant compared to pre-treatment(P>0.05). Total-cholesterol was 197.28${\pm}$9.24 mg/dL before oriental medical treatment, after treatment 201.55${\pm}$11.13, 186.87${\pm}$8.77 and 186.68${\pm}$7.61 were measured that results were not statistically significant compared to pre-treatment(P>0.05). HDL-cholesterol was 41.88${\pm}$2.38 mg/dL before oriental medical treatment, after treatment 48.75${\pm}$4.22, 44.10${\pm}$1.91, 48.00${\pm}$2.06 the results were not statistically significant compared to pre-treatment(P>0.05). LDL-cholesterol was 111.66${\pm}$13.08 mg/dL before oriental medical treatment, after treatment 109.94${\pm}$10.18, 101.79${\pm}$8.63, 104.00${\pm}$6.98 the results were not statistically significant compared to pre-treatment(P>0.05). With such results, even if common oriental medical treatments were given to metabolic syndrome patients with abnormal liver function, the liver function was confirmed not to be aggravated, and the concentration of lipids in the blood was confirmed not to be affected in most patients.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.1-17
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to investigate the aspects of proliferation and bone nodule formation of osteogenic precursor cells. To determine the effects of ascorbic acid and dexamethasone upon capacity of osteoblast proliferation and bone nodule formation, cells were maintained in the presence of one or some of these additives for up to 30 days. Group I culture was maintained in standard medium(DMEM plus 10% plus antibiotics), group II was maintained in supplemented medium containing dexamethasone, group III was maintained in supplemented medium containing ascorbic acid and sodium-${\beta}$-glycerophosphate, and group IV was maintained in supplemented containing ascorbic acid, sodium-${\beta}$-glycerophosphate and dexamethasone. Morphology of bone nodules was observed with light microscope and electron microscope. The results were as follows: ${\bullet}$ Proliferation capacity of osteoblasts was not affected by single use of dexamethasone, but it was chiefly affected by ascorbic acid. ${\bullet}$ Cellular morphology was fibroblastic appearance initially, but, it was gradually changed to polygonal shape accompanied by confluency stage. ${\bullet}$ Pluripotent mesenchymal cells existed during primary culture, they were differentiated to adipocyte, chondrocyte, osteocyte according to culture condition. ${\bullet}$ Dexamethasone increased bone nodule formation under the condition that the culture was maintained with supplemented medium ascorbic acid and sodium-${\beta}$-glycerophosphate. ${\bullet}$ when the cultures were stained with alizarin red, the group supplemented with dexamethasone, ascorbic acid and sodium-${\beta}$-glycerophosphate showed the marked increase of bone nodule formation, but the group supplemented with ascorbic acid and sodium-${\beta}$-glycerophosphate revealed only small amounts of bone nodules. And the groups cultured without ascorbic acid showed no observed any of bone-like mass independent of dexamethasone addition.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.119-128
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• 2011

In the process of assessing the children with anterior crossbite in early mixed dentition, it has frequently been detected that the stronger the skeletal pattern of the malocclusion is, the more markedly delayed the development and eruption of maxillary teeth are. If the anteroposterior characteristics of craniofacial skeleton has any relationship with dental maturation, the evaluation of dental development and eruption was thought to be able to contribute to early diagnosis of crossbite in children. This study was performed for the purpose of elucidating the relationship between dental maturation of maxillary teeth and some cephalometric values in children with anterior crossbite of maxillary undergrowth type in early mixed dentition. Among the children in Hellman dental age IIA and IIC who attended the Pediatric Dental Clinic of Pusan National University Hospital with orthodontic problems, cases with Class III malocclusion were classified and 50 cases of maxillary undergrowth type and type with normal maxilla respectively were randomly selected and studied as subjects. From their lateral cephalographs and panoramic radiographs, their anteroposterior skeletal features, the dental maturity and eruption rate were obtained of each group and data were analyzed to yield the results as follows: 1. Comparing the maturity of maxillary teeth of both groups, only the first molars of maxillary undergrowth group showed significantly slower development and eruption (p<0.05). 2. There was high correlation between maturation of maxillary 1st molar and chronological age(p<0.05). 3. Among the parameters of anteroposterior relationship of skeletal pattern in maxilla and mandible. Wits was revealed as a useful index to predict both the calcification and eruption rate of the 1st molars whereas SNA was to eruption rate(p<0.05).

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.114-124
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• 1999

Purpose : To clarify the relation between psychosocial variables and cancer in Korea. Methods : Case-control study. Participants: 239 subjects in 2 university hospitals in Seoul completed a series of psychometric instruments(the Olson's FACES III and the Lee's 98-items life event scale). Results : In bivariable analysis, there were statistically significant difference in age and economic status(income): marginal significance in education status and marital status between the cases and controls. The family function type and stress score were not significantly different. The result of multivariable logistic regression, analysis showed that the risk of cancer was associated with economic status and marital status, but neither the family function nor the life event stress. Conclusion : In this study, we cannot prove the statistical association between the family function, life event stress and cancer. It is necessary to persevere in our efforts to clarify the relation between stress and disease and to develop the useful tools to measure the Korean family function and life event stress.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.437-443
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• 2001

Gastrodia elata blume (GEB) is considered to be a useful herbal medicine in oriental countries for the treatment of headache, migraine, dizziness, childhood convulsion, epilepsy, rheumatism, hypertension, neuralgia and neurological disorders. This study was carried out to investigate the quality of bread added with the powder of GEB. The possibility of GEB wheat flour mixture as bread was studied by adding 0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0% of GEB powder to wheat flour. In Farinograph data, the dough stability decreased with the increase of GEB powder. Granular size of starches ranged from $36\;{\mu}m\;to\;60{\mu}m$, and the shape of them showed a long oval figure. Amylograph showed that the increase in the ratio of GEB on the doughs slightly elevated in the maximum viscosity. The loaf volume of 0.5% powder increased by 10.2% but that of 2.0% decreased by 16.8%. The moisture content was 43.57% in the control but it increased as the powder addition. The colors of crust and crumb were not significantly different among L, b and ${\Delta}E$, but 'a' value in crumb was increased as the powder addition. The addition of the powder had no significant effect on bread texture. In sensory evaluation, the moistness increased as the increase of the powder addition. The control bread was most excellent, and the bread made by mixing additives were better than just 0.5% GEB-wheat flour in terms of quality.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.176-185
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• 2004

Purpose: Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN) is a clinicopathologic entity characterized by extensive crescent formation and rapid deterioration of renal function within few months. For better understanding of its clinical course and designing better treatment strategies, a clinicopathological study of childhood RPGN was performed. Methods: The clinical manifestations and pathological findings were reviewed retrospectively in 12 children who were diagnosed as having RPGN by clinical manifestations and renal biopsy during a period from 1991 to 2003. Several clinicopathological parameters were analyzed as prognostic factors. Results: Among a total of 12 patients, 4 were male and 8 were female. The median onset age was 11.5 years(range 5.5-14.6 years), and the median period of follow-up was 25 months(range 7 months-6.6 years). According to the pathological classification, 10 patients (83%) were type II RPGN(immune-complex mediated glomerulonephritis), 2 patients were type III RPGN(pauci-immune glomerulonephritis), and none was type I RPGN(anti-glomerular basement membrane nephritis). All patients were treated with oral steroid in various combinations with methylprednisolone pulse therapy(10 patients, 83%), cyclophosphamide(8 patients, 67%), or plasmapheresis(4 patients, 33%). Clinical outcomes of 12 patients were complete remission in 1(8%), end-stage renal disease in 2(17%), chronic renal insufficiency with persistent proteinuria in 2(17%), and normal renal function with persistent proteinuria in 7(58%) at the last follow-up. Poor prognosis is associated with increased serum creatinine level, severe anemia and younger age at the time of diagnosis. Conclusion: Immune-complex mediated glomerulonephritis is the major cause RPGN in children and most cases showed improvement of renal function with aggressive management. For better understanding of this rare disease, a prospective multicenter study should be done.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.153-160
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• 2005

There have been large areas of soil contaminated with high levels of explosives. For this experimental work, 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) was tested as a representative explosive contaminant of concern in both aqueous and soil samples and its removal was evaluated using three different chemical treatment methods: 1) the classical Fenton reaction which utilizes hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$) and soluble iron at pH less than 3; 2) a modified Fenton reaction which utilizes chelating agents, $H_2O_2$, and soluble iron at pH 7; and 3) a Fenton-like process which utilizes iron minerals instead of soluble iron and $H_2O_2$, generating a hydroxyl radical. Using classic Fenton reaction, 93% of TNT was removed in 20 h at pH 3 (soil spiked with 300 mg/L of TNT, 3% $H_2O_2$ and 1mM Fe(III)), whereas 21% removed at pH 7. The modified Fenton reaction, using nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA), oxalate, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), acetate and citrate as representative chelating agents, was tested with 3% $H_2O_2$ at pH 7 for 24 h. Results showed the TNT removal in the order of NTA, EDTA, oxalate, citrate and acetate, with the removal efficiency of 87%, 71%, 64%, 46%, and 37%, respectively, suggesting NTA as the most effective chelating agent. The Fenton-like reaction was performed with water contaminated with 100 mg/L TNT and soil contaminated with 300 mg/L TNT, respectively, using 3% $H_2O_2$ and such iron minerals as goethite, magnetite, and hematite. In the goethite-water system, 33% of TNT was removed at pH 3 whereas 28% removed at pH 7. In the magnetite-water system, 40% of TNT was removed at pH 3 whereas 36% removed at pH 7. In the hematite-water system, 40% of TNT was removed at pH 3 whereas 34% removed at pH 7. For further experiments combining the modified Fenton reaction with the Fenton-like reaction, NTA, EDTA, and oxalate were selected with the natural iron minerals, magnetite and hematite at pH 7, based on the results from the modified Fenton reaction. As results, in case magnetite was used, 79%, 59%, and 14% of TNT was removed when NTA, oxalate, and EDTA used, respectively, whereas 73%, 25%, and 19% removed in case of hematite, when NTA, oxalate, and EDTA used, respectively.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.206-213
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• 2009

Background: Previous series have suggested that younger patients with primary lung cancer exhibit a more aggressive disease course with a worse prognosis, as compared to older patients, although this issue is still debatable. Material and Method: We reviewed the medical records of 79 patients (32 patients 50 years and younger (Group I) and 47 patients 70 years and older (Group II)) who underwent curative resection for primary lung cancer between July 2000 and June 2008. Result: The median age of the patients was 46.5 years in Group I and this was 73 years in Group II. The older patients were more likely to have major comorbidities (44% versus 77%, respectively; p=0.003). Histological examinations identified that the minor histological types (excluding non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)) were predominantly found in the Group I patients (16% versus 2%, respectively; p=0.037). For the TNM staging of the NSCLC, with excluding the minor histologic types, a higher proportion of patients had stage III disease in Group I (33% versus 13%, respectively; p=0.038). There was no significant difference in major morbidity (16% versus 30%, respectively; p=0.148) and operative mortality (0% versus 4.3%; p=0.512) between the groups. The mean follow-up interval was 33 months (range: $1{\sim}98$ months) for patients in both groups. For the patients with NSCLC, the five-year overall survival rate was 52.3% for Group I and 53.7% for Group II (p=0.955). The rate of freedom from recurrence at five years was significantly lower for the Group I patients than for the Group II patients (39.4% versus 70.4%, respectively; p=0.027), and only being a member of Group I impacted recurrence, based on the Cox proportional hazard analysis (p=0.034). Of the patients who had recurrence, four patients in Group I underwent aggressive surgical treatment. All of these patients exhibited long-term survival (range: $46{\sim}87$ months). Conclusion: In our study, the early outcome and long-term survival were similar for the younger and older patients after curative resection of primary lung cancer. However, we think that younger patients require meticulous follow-up as they had a tendency to proceed to surgery with advanced stage disease, a higher recurrence rate than did the older patients and the survival rates were improved, even for the recurred cases, with early aggressive treatment.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.123-134
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• 2002

An experiment was conducted to establish the most suitable ventilation system for the enclosed nursery pig house in Korea, comparing four different ventilation systems ; i) air enters through perforated ceiling and exhausts through chimney (NA), ii) air enters through perforated ceiling and exhausts through side walls (NB), iii) air enters through perforated ducts and exhausts through side walls (NC) and iv) air enters through perforated ducts and exhausts through chimney(ND). The experiment was carried out during winter and summer separately. The experimental pigs were weaned at fourteen days old in winter (December-February) and at twenty one days old in summer (June-August). The main results of the experiment are as follows : A preliminary experiment showed that in the NC system during summer, air can reach all the pig rooms in the house and the air flow rates of the upper, middle (1.2 m height of the room) and low (at the height of pig stature) parts of the room were measured at 7.0-8.08, over 0.5 and over 0.2 m/s, respectively, which flow rates were much higher(p$<$0.05) than those in other system. At the minimum ventilation efficiency during winter, air flow rates of upper, middle and low parts of the room equipped with the NC system were detected at over 1, less than 0.5 and around 0.07 m/s, respectively. It is concluded that the separated ventilation system air-entering through ducts is the most suitable for the ventilation system of the enclosed nursery pig house and the exhausting system through side walls is more efficient for ventilation than the system through roof. Furthermore, to sustain proper temperature and reduce energy waste as well as heat consumption, a future research should be carried out to develop the environmental control system in relation to developing a heat regulator.