• 무역학회지
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• 제47권5호
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• pp.273-288
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• 2022

This study first classifies and organizes provisions on institutional arrangements (or IAs) and dispute settlement mechanism(or DSM) in a digital trade agreement. Then it conducts a case study on seven major digital trade agreements: the CPTPP, the USJDTA, the USMCA, the ASDEA, the RCEP, the KSDPA, and the DEPA. And it finally derives implications for Korea to improve implementation of DTAs by communicating better and resolving disputes efficiently with the help of IAs and DSM-related provisions. IAs of a digital trade agreement can be defined as a set of agreements on the division of the respective responsibilities of agencies involved in implementing and enforcing the agreement, including committees, working groups, or contact points. DSM of a digital trade agreement includes consultation, mediation, arbitration, and establishment of a panel. Comparing six FTAs with an e-commerce chapter, the CPTPP, the USMCA, and the RCEP contain the most advanced type of IA provisions while the CPTPP, the USMCA, the RCEP, and the KSDPA have that of DSM provisions. Korea is its initial stage as it has only signed the KSDPA with Singapore as well as it is about to launch a new digital trade negotiation for the DEPA, the CPTPP, and even the IPEF, it is necessary to engage in negotiations with a clearer position on behalf of Korean digital companies. As provisions on IAs and DSM are important policy tools that can reflect industry concerns and convey proposals in inter-governmental dialogue, a Korean draft of the IAs and DSM-related provision should be prepared in advance.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.1212-1228
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• 2016

Secure communication is an important aspect of today's interconnected environments and it can be achieved by the use of cryptographic algorithms and protocols. However, many existing cryptographic mechanisms are tightly integrated into communication protocols. Issues emerge when security vulnerabilities are discovered in cryptographic mechanisms because their replacement would eventually require replacing deployed protocols. The concept of cryptographic agility is the solution to these issues because it allows dynamic switching of cryptographic algorithms and keys prior to and during the communication. Most of today's secure protocols implement cryptographic agility (IPsec, SSL/TLS, SSH), but cryptographic agility mechanisms cannot be used in a standalone manner. In order to deal with the aforementioned limitations, we propose a lightweight cryptographically agile agreement model, which is formally verified. We also present a solution in the Agile Cryptographic Agreement Protocol (ACAP) that can be adapted on various network layers, architectures and devices. The proposed solution is able to provide existing and new communication protocols with secure communication prerequisites in a straightforward way without adding substantial communication overhead. Furthermore, it can be used between previously unknown parties in an opportunistic environment. The proposed model is formally verified, followed by a comprehensive discussion about security considerations. A prototype implementation of the proposed model is demonstrated and evaluated.

• 무역학회지
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• 제44권6호
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• pp.119-134
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• 2019

This study focuses on a recent WTO SPS dispute related to Korea Import Bans and Testing and Certification Requirements for Radionuclides (DS495) in order to learn from the case and take proactive measures to prevent potential import restrictions by Japan on Korean seafood. Korean-Radionuclides (Japan) emphasizes the importance of sufficient scientific evidence, especially scientific information from relevant international organizations, in an effort to take preventive measures towards Japan's restrictions on Korean seafood imports. Japan claims that a novel parasite, Kudoa septempuctata, in Korean flatfish causes food poisoning. As food poisoning is a serious concern, there is a low possibility that Japan's enhanced monitoring measures would be more trade restrictive than required as prescribed in Article 5.6 of the WTO SPS Agreement. In addition, Korea is the biggest exporter of olive flounder to Japan. Hence, the possibility that similar conditions could be established is low in relation to non-discriminatory principles under the WTO SPS Agreement. Accordingly, we should collect relevant scientific evidence, improve domestic sanitary management of fishery products, and seek export diversification so that we prepare for potential import restrictions by Japan and minimize implications.

• 중국학논총
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• 제72호
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• pp.101-122
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• 2021

Over the past 20 years, labor standards have been widely used in free trade agreements. The U.S., the European Union and China have all aggressively signed free trade agreements with their trading partners, developing different styles on labor standards. According to the study, the implementation of the KOREa-EU FREE trade agreement has been hampered by ongoing disputes over the terms of the FREE trade agreement and the ILO since the korea-EU free trade agreement was signed. Because in order to break this deadlock, relevant scholars have done a lot of research, but mainly focused on the economic and trade field. Therefore, this paper for the first time systematically studies the substantive focus of disputes over FTA and ILO clauses, and carefully analyzes the domestic law amended by South Korea, and provides suggestions and inspirations for China by drawing lessons from the revision model of South Korea's domestic law. This is from a newperspective: the essence of the korea-EU FTA and ILO disputes is the conflict between international law and domestic law, and the conflict between free trade agreements and human rights protection. It holds that the essence of disputes should be sorted out from the perspective of legal principles and human rights protection, and the free trade and human rights protection should be actively coordinated. In order to make China more actively integrate into the international economy, China should adopt a positive attitude to revise and perfect its own laws, so as to realize the purpose of common development of international trade and human rights protection.

• 무역학회지
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• 제43권4호
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• pp.131-153
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• 2018

이 연구의 목적은 정략적으로 평가해오던 우리나라의 제1차 정보기술협정(ITA1) 이행성과를 정성적인 측면에서 보완하는 것이다. ITA와 같은 자유화 협정의 성과와 한계는 정량지표를 위주로 평가돼왔고, 지표가 보여주지 못하는 심도 있는 논의는 쉽게 간과돼왔다. 가장 성공적인 WTO 협정이자 우리가 가장 큰 수혜국이라고 평가되는 ITA1의 성과를 정성적인 측면에서 돌아 보는 것은 자유화 협정의 질적인 성과에 대한 논의를 통해 기존 이론의 간극을 메운다는 점에서 학문적 의의가 있다. 또한, 2차 ITA는 물론 FTA를 포함한 자유화 협정의 질적 이행성과의 향상을 위한 주안점과 시사점을 찾는다는 점에서 실천적 의의가 있다. 연구결과는 품목분류의 전문성과 함께 자유화가 이뤄지는 산업의 역량을 발전시키는 것이 자유화 협정의 수혜를 지속하는 데 중요하다는 것을 보여준다.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제43권5호
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• pp.657-678
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• 2012

The mismatch of ply orientations in composite laminates can cause high interlaminar stress concentrations near the free edges. Evaluation of these interlaminar stresses and their role in the progressive damage analysis of laminates is desirable. Recently, the authors developed a new method to relate the physically based micromechanics approach with the meso-scale CDM considering matrix cracking and induced delamination. In this paper, the developed method is applied for the analysis of edge effects in various angle-ply laminates such as $[10/-10]_{2s}$, $[30/-30]_{2s}$ and $[45/-45]_{2s}$ and comparing the results with available traditional CDM and experimental results. It is shown that the obtained stress-strain behaviors of laminates are in good agreement with the available experimental results and even in better agreement than the traditional CDM results. Variations of the stresses and stiffness components through the laminate thickness and near the free edges are also computed and compared with the available CDM results.

• 국제학술발표논문집
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• The 1th International Conference on Construction Engineering and Project Management
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• pp.699-704
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• 2005

Normally, monetary penalties for breach of agreement will be stipulated in the contract. The contractor parties, who fail to fulfill the agreement, are required to pay the other parties a certain amount or proportion of money as a fine. However, it is worth our study - whether or not the scope of monetary penalty implementation and bases for determination of a fine will cover the losses of social and administrative costs incurred by the interruption of the contract. This research is about the best timing for government to cancel the freeway repair work contracts. Under the goal of the maximum social welfare, the limitation of government spending for the social and administrative costs invoked by interruption of contracts will have to be considered to attain the best timing of contracts' suspension or deferment. According to the factors of social and administrative costs, the best time point is calculated to reduce the loss of the aforesaid costs, which can also be used as theoretical basis for the future road-widening construction at home.

• 융합보안논문지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.101-110
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• 2020

3차 남북 정상회담과 평양 남북정상회담, 싱가폴과 하노이에서 열린 북미 정상회담 이후, 한반도의 운명을 좌우할 비핵화 협상이 진행되고 있다. 하지만 비핵화 조건을 둘러싸고 북미간 입장이 충돌하며 협상은 교착국면에 빠져있으며 다소 회의적인 전망이 예견되고 있는 상황이다. 북한의 완전한 비핵화 실현이 어려운 이유는 동북아의 전통적인 안보딜레마와 미중간 패권경쟁, 신냉전체제의 형성 등 다양한 변수들이 상존하기 때문이다. 지난 2018년 평창 동계올림픽을 계기로 3차례의 남북 정상회담과 3차례의 북미 정상회담이 개최된 전환기적 시점에 북한의 완전한 비핵화는 한반도를 넘어 동북아와 세계평화를 위해 반드시 이루어내야 할 역사적 과제가 되었다. 그런 의미에서 평양 남북정상회담은 '9.19 평양공동선언'과 '군사분야 합의서'를 통해 북한비핵화와 남북관계 발전을 위한 새로운 이정표를 제시해 준 역사적 계기로 평가된다. 한편 국제정치이론의 주요 패러다임으로 자리잡은 구성주의(Constructivism)는 이념과 역사, 문화 등의 관념적 변수가 물질적 요인, 국가행위자의 정체성과 이익을 규정하며 국제관계의 구조가 상호작용을 통해 변화될 수 있다는 관점을 제시한다. 본 연구에서는 이제 1주년을 넘긴 9.19 평양공동선언의 역사적 의미를 구성주의적 관점에서 고찰하였다. 이를 위해 구성주의 이론의 발전과정과 분석모델, 남북관계의 발전과정을 간략히 살펴보았고, 9.19 군사합의서의 군사적 함의를 제시하였다.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제34권5호
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• pp.405-411
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• 2018

Implementation of mitigation options on land is important for realisation of the goals of the Paris Agreement to stabilize temperature at $2^{\circ}C$. In India, the Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) targets include a forestry goal of creation of carbon sinks of 2.5 to 3 billion tonnes by 2030. There are however, multiple barriers to implementation of forestry mitigation options in India. They include environmental, social, financial, technological and institutional barriers. The barriers are varied not just across land categories but also for a land category depending on its regional location and distribution. In addition to these barriers is the impeding climate change that places at risk realisation of the mitigation potential as rising temperatures, drought, and fires associated with projected climate change may lead to forests becoming a weaker sink or a net carbon source before the end of the century.

• 전기학회논문지
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• 제59권2호
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• pp.248-254
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• 2010

This paper deals with implementation of the laboratory-scale microgrid using energy storage system. Also, this paper develops a simulation model of the microgrid with same parameters on the laboratory-scale microgrid using PSCAD/EMTDC. The experimental results show good agreement with the simulation results. This shows the validity of the simulation model. A valve regulated lead acid (VRLA) battery is used to store energy. Energy storage system with fast response is able to maintain power quality of sensitive load within the microgrid.