• Tribology and Lubricants
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.314-319
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• 2006

In this paper, the friction and wear characteristics of contact type sealing unit far a water turbine have been presented. The sealing unit for a small hydropower generation is to stop a leakage of circulating water from an outside of an impeller to an inside of a rolling bearing. The friction heating between a seal ring and a seal seat may radically increase a surface temperature in which increase a power loss and wear on the rubbing surface. The surface wear strongly affect to the seal life of a mechanical face seal. In this study, the hardness of a stainless steel in which is a heat-treated is 892.8 in Victors hardness and the hardness of silicone carbide of SiC is 714.1 in Victors hardness. The surface hardness of a heat-treated stainless steel is 25% high compared with that of a ceramic material of SiC. The contact modes of rubbing surfaces are a dry friction, a water film friction and a mixed friction that is contaminated by a dust, silt, and moistures, etc. These two factors of a contact rubbing modes and a material property are very important parameters on the tribological performance such as a friction and wear between a seal ring and a seal seat in primary sealing unit. The experimental result shows that the surface hardness of a seal material is very important on the friction coefficient and a wear volume. Thus, the results recommend higher hardness of a seal material, which may reduce a friction loss and increase a wear life of primary seal components.

• The KSFM Journal of Fluid Machinery
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• v.3 no.4 s.9
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• pp.38-43
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• 2000

Recently, KARI(Korea Aerospace Research Institute, Korea) and CIAM(Central Institute of Aviation Motors, Russia) have made an effort in developing a centrifugal compressor for a small gas turbine engine as part of a collaboration program. This compressor has been designed as a sub-component for an axial-centrifugal compression system for a small turbo-shaft engine aiming adiabatic efficiency higher than 0.81. The geometrical design requirement imposes restrictions to have high inlet hub-to-tip ratio and inlet swirl flow. In this study, the compressor has been designed using the generalized experimental data established from those compressors having pressure ratio of 3.7 to 5. From this generalized empirical correlation, desirable values of design parameters could be obtained. Subsequently, quasi-3D and 3D viscous flow analyses have been performed to ensure the adopted methodology. It is expected that the centrifugal compressor provides total pressure ratio of 4.89, corrected mass flow-rate of 1.64kg/sec, and adiabatic efficiency of 0.815 with inlet hub-to-tip ratio of 0.641. These relatively high total pressure ratio and inlet hub-to-tip ratio are the main distinctive features in this design. Besides, one of the main features of this centrifugal compressor is the adoption of a double-row bladed diffuser to effectively decelerate the transonic flow leaving the impeller. The compressor has been manufactured and will be tested in the near future.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Manufacturing Process Engineers
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.129-135
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• 2016

There have been many types of development and commercialization efforts for superconducting power applications with the continuous development of High Temperature Superconducting (HTS) conductors. In particular, HTS power cables are going to be commercialized in real power grids. A cryogenic refrigeration system should be used to keep it below 77 K, and its required cooling capacity continuously increases as the unit length of the HTS power cable increases. Among the many kinds of cryogenic refrigerator, a reverse Brayton refrigerator that uses turbo expanders is a promising refrigerator due to its efficiency and reliability. Among the various components in refrigerators, the cryogenic turbo-expander is the most important part for increasing efficiency and assuring reliability. The design of a 300 W class turbo-expander is described in this paper prior to the development of a 10 kW class turbo expander, which is the required capability for the commercialization of a HTS power cable. The impeller shape and rotation speed are determined based on the cycle analysis. The Eigen frequency and harmonic analysis are conducted with gas bearings at cryogenic temperatures to determine the operational stability.

• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.77-84
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• 1994

To assess the feasibility of anthocyanin production in cell cultures of Euphorbia splendens Bojer the role of sucrose in pigment production was investigated and pilot scale cultures were attempted to establish mass production system. And also, several instrumental analyses were conducted to identify the pigment extracted from cultured rolls. Anthocyanin production was promoted prominently with concenetrations of sucrose ranging from 3% to 9% while cell growth was maximized at 3% of sucrose . This suggested that high osmolarity of sucrose enhance pigment production. When cells were cultured in two types of bioreactor better cell growth was achieved with draft-type air lift bioreactor than impeller type bioreactor and the pigment productivity was reached to 2.2 mg/L/day. The major pigment extracted from cultured cells was characterized as cyanidin-3-glucoside.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.136-142
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• 2016

To study the dispersion factors of silica sol prepared from fumed silica powder, we prepared silica sol under an aqueous system using a batch type bead mill. The dispersion properties of silica sol have a close relationship to dispersion factors such as pH, milling time and speed, the size and amount of zirconia beads, the solid content of fumed silica, and the shape and diameter of the milling impellers. Especially, the silica particles in silica sol were found to show dispersion stability on a pH value above 7, due to the electrostatic repulsion between the particles having a high zeta potential value. The shape and diameter of the impellers installed in the bead mill for the dispersion of fumed silica was very important in reducing the particle size of the aggregated silica. The median particle size ($D_{50}$) of silica sol obtained after milling was also optimized according to the variation of the size and amount of the zirconia beads that were used as the grinding medium, and according to the solid content of fumed silica. The dispersion properties of silica sol were investigated using zeta potential, turbiscan, particle size analyzer, and transmission electron microscopy.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Industry Convergence
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• v.23 no.4_2
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• pp.617-626
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• 2020

The drilling mud is essentially used in oil and gas development. There are several roles of using the drilling mud, such as cleaning the bottomhole, cooling and lubricating the drill bit and string, transporting the cuttings to the surface, keeping and adjusting the wellbore pressure, and preventing the collapse of the wellbore. The fragments from rocks and micro-sized bubbles generated by the high pressure are mixed in the drilling mud. The systems to separate those mixtures and to keep the uniformly maintained quality of drilling mud are required. In this study, the simulation is conducted to verify the performance of the mud tank's agitation capacity. The primary role of the mud tank is the mixing of mud at the surface with controlling the mud condition. The container type is chosen as a mud tank pursuing efficient transport and better management of equipment. The single- and two-phase simulations about the agitation in the mud tank are performed to analyze and identify the inner flow behavior. The convergence of results is obtained for the vertical- and axis-direction velocity vector fields based on the grid-dependency tests. The mixing time analysis depending on the multiphase flow conditions indicates that the utilization of a two-stepped impeller with a smaller size provides less time for mixing. This study's results are expected to be utilized as the preliminary data to develop the mixing and integrating equipment of the onshore drilling mud system.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2021.06a
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• pp.432-432
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• 2021

우리나라는 대부분의 에너지 공급을 해외에 의존하고 있는 실정이다. 산업통상자원부와 에너지경제연구원에서 발간하는 2018년 에너지통계연보(에너지경제연구원과 산업통상자원부, 2018)에 실린 2010년부터 2017년까지의 에너지수급 균형을 보면 원유, 천연가스, 석탄, 우라늄 등 평균 95.4%의 에너지를 수입하고 있는 실정이다. 수력 및 신재생에너지의 경우 기후변화에 대응하는 수단 그리고 정부의 저탄소에너지 전환 정책으로 인정받아 상대적으로 낮은 에너지 경제성에도 불구하고 꾸준히 보급되고 있다. 우리나라뿐만 아니라 독일, 프랑스, 영국, 중국 그리고 인도와 같은 세계 주요 국가들이 친환경 에너지 정책을 주도함에 따라 향후 신재생에너지의 공급 규모는 크게 확대될 것으로 전망된다. 중력 물 보텍스 마이크로 수력 발전 시스템은 시스템의 상하류부의 수두(hydraulic head) 차에 의해 저류조(basin)에서 발생되는 물의 보텍스 즉 소용돌이(whirlpool)를 이용하여 임펠러(impeller)를 회전시켜 전기에너지를 생산하는 친환경적 재생에너지의 일종이다. 또한, 시스템으로 유입되는 물은 전기에너지 생산을 위한 임펠러를 통과한 후 다시 하천으로 방류되므로 하천 수의 손실 그리고 하천의 물길도 거의 교란 시키지 않는다. 4가구 정도의 연간 가정용 전기 요구량인 12와 15kW 사이의 전기에너지를 생산하기 위해서는 발전시스템의 상류와 하류의 수두차가 단지 1.5에서 1.7m 이하이면 충분한 것으로 알려져 있다. 본 연구에서는 중력 물 보텍스 친환경 마이크로 발전 시스템을 구성하는 저류조(basin)에 대해 최대 발전효율을 발생시키기에 최적인 기하학적 형태를 도출하는 것이며, 이를 위해 저류조의 cone angle에 따른 다양한 저류조 직경 및 물 보텍스 생성을 위한 저류조 형태의 변화, 유입수로와 저류조와의 각도인 notch angle의 변화, 유입부 폭과 유출부 직경, 유입수로의 길이 그리고 유입수로에서의 초기수심과 같은 기하학적 매개변수를 변화시켜 모의를 수행하였다.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.268-272
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• 2023

This study explores the characteristics of tilting pad journal bearings used in the high-speed rotating shaft systems of centrifugal compressors. A centrifugal compressor is a high-speed rotating machine that is widely used to compress gases or vapors employed in various industrial applications. It transfers the centrifugal force of a fast-spinning impeller to the fluid and compresses it under high pressure. Many high-speed rotating shaft systems, which require high stability, use tilting pad journal bearings. The characteristics of these bearings can vary depending on several properties, and identifying the appropriate characteristics is essential to optimize the design on a case-to-case basis. In this study, the authors perform a time-dependent analysis of the properties of tilting pad journal bearings and the rotordynamics of the rotating shaft system using COMSOL Multiphysics software. Specifically, the authors analyze the characteristics of the tilting pad journal bearings by performing a parametric sweep using parameters such as pad clearance, maximum tilting angle, preload, number of pads, and pad pivot offset. The authors then use the results of the bearing-characteristics analysis to evaluate the vibration of the rotating shaft and verify its operation within a desirable range. The understanding gained from this study will allow us to determine the optimal properties of these bearings and the limiting operational speed using COMSOL Multiphysics software.

• Journal of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology(JNFCWT)
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.237-242
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• 2009

In the pyroprocessing of spent nuclear fuels, fuel materials are recovered by electrochemical reactions on the surface of electrodes as well as stirring the electrolyte in electrolytic cells such as electrorefiner, electroreducer and electrowinner. The system with this equipment should first be scaled-up in order to commercialize the pyroprocessing. So in this study, the scale-up for those electrolytic cells was studied to design a large-scale system which can be employed in a commercial process in the future. Basically the dimensions of both electrolytic cells and electrodes should be enlarged on the basis of the geometrical similarity. Then the criterion of constant power input per unit volume, characterizing the fluid behavior in the cells, was introduced in this study and a calculation process based on trial-and-error methode was derived, which makes it possible to seek a proper speed of agitation in the electrolytic cells. Consequently examples of scale-up for an arbitrary small scale system were shown when the criterion of constant power input per unit volume and another criterion of constant impeller tip speed were respectively applied.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.211-223
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• 1994

In fermentations with a 4-liter stirred tank bioreactor, a better than two-fold enhancement of the gas-liquid mass transfer coefficient$(k_La)$ in the celite-immobilized fungal cultures of Tolypocladium in flatum over the parallel conventional free-cell was observed at identical biomass concentrations, despite the higher specific oxygen uptake rate of the immobilized fungi during exponential growth. As a result oxygen sufficient conditions, i. e., dissolve oxygen(D.O.) concentrations exceeding 75% air saturation, could be maintained throughout exponential growth period of the immobilized culture, in contrast to the suspended fungal culture, whose D.O. levels fell below 50% air saturation. A linear monotonic dependence of $k_La$ upon impeller agitaion rate was found for both immobilized and conventional cultivation modes over a range of 250 to 550rpm, the slope being a function of biomass concentration for the free but not for the immobilized cell system In contrasts oxygen transfer rate was a much weaker function of aeration rate up to about 2.5 vvm for both culture configurations. Above this level, aeration rate had no further effect on the mass transfer. In addition, the immobilized cultures sustained good morphological and physiological states, leading to almost two times higher cyclosporln A (CyA) productivity overt the parallel free cell system. These experiments suggest that the celite-immobilized fungal system in a stirred tank reactor has considerable promise for scaling up cyclosporin A production in terms of high-density cultivation.