• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of IIIuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers Conference
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• 2004.11a
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• pp.247-250
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• 2004

A ground resistance is a good index of performance in a grounding system, but it does not reflect the performance in transient states. Recently long vertical ground rods in urban areas are often installed. But because of the inductance of long ground rods the ground impedance at high frequency might be greater than its resistance at low frequency. In this paper, a ground impedance of deeply driven ground rod has been measured in the frequency range from 10 kHz to 50 MHz. As a result, the ground impedances of a deeply driven ground rods are almost constant at the frequency range less than 100 kHz. However at high frequency the ground impedance showed the strong frequency dependance.

• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.531-537
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• 2009

Lightning has a broad frequency spectrum from DC to a few MHz. Consequently, the high frequency performance of grounding systems for protection against lightning should be evaluated, with the distributed parameter circuit model in a uniform soil being used to simulate grounding impedances. This paper proposes a simulation method which applies the distributed parameter circuit model for the frequency-dependent impedance of vertically driven ground rods by considering multi-layered soil structures where ground rods are buried. The Matlab program was used to calculate the frequency-dependent ground impedances for two ground rods of different lengths. As a result, an increase of the length of ground rod is not always followed by a decrease of grounding impedance, at least at a high frequency. The results obtained using the newly proposed simulation method considering multi-layered soil structures are in good agreement with the measured results.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 2005.07a
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• pp.694-696
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• 2005

Although DC ground resistance is a good index of grounding performance for grounding electrodes, it does not reflect the grounding performance during transient state. Besides, impulse ground impedance, which is defined by a ratio of the peak value of transient ground potential rise to the peak value of impulse current, cannot be an absolute index due to its dependence on impulse current shape. In this paper, ground impedance characteristics of ground electrodes has been measured in frequency domain ranging from 1 Hz to hundreds of kHz. Equivalent circuit models and transfer function models of the ground rod have been identified from the measured values of ground impedance in frequency domain.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers
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• v.23 no.7
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• pp.41-48
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• 2009

Grounding impedance depends on the frequency of current flowing into a grounding system lightning in particular has a broad frequency spectrum from some tens of Hz to a few MHz. So the grounding impedance related to transient currents such as lightning should be measured. In this paper, the grounding impedances of vertically-driven ground rods of 10, 30 and 48[m] long are measured and analyzed as functions of the frequency of injected current and the feeding point. As a result, the longer the ground rod is, the lower the steady-state ground resistance is. However the grounding impedance of a vertically-driven ground rod at a high frequency is significantly increased. It is not always true that low grounding impedance follows from a low steady-state ground resistance. It is important to evaluate the high frequency performance of grounding systems for protection against lightning.

• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.589-595
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• 2012

When surges and electromagnetic pulses from lightning or power conversion devices are considered, it is desirable to evaluate grounding system performance as grounding impedance. In the case of large-sized grounding electrodes or long counterpoises, the grounding impedance is increased with increasing the frequency of injected current. The grounding impedance is increased by the inductance of grounding electrodes. This paper presents the measured results of frequency-dependent grounding impedance and impedance phase as a function of the length of counterpoises. In order to analyze the frequency-dependent grounding impedance of the counterpoises, the frequency-dependent current dissipation rates were measured and simulated by the distributed parameter circuit model reflecting the frequency-dependent relative resistivity and permittivity of soil. As a result, the ground current dissipation rate is proportional to the soil resistivity near the counterpoises in a low frequency. On the other hand, the ground current dissipation near the injection point is increased as the frequency of injected current increases. Since the high frequency ground current cannot reach the far end of long counterpoise, the grounding impedance of long counterpoise approaches that of the short one in the high frequency. The results obtained from this work could be applied in design of grounding systems.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 1999.07e
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• pp.2296-2298
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• 1999

The stationary ground resistance and the transient ground impedance of grounding system are very important parameters in the field of lightning and surge protection. But, it is very difficult to obtain correct values of them in large-scale grounding system. In this paper, the stationary and transient ground impedances of a large-scale grounding system have been measured and analyzed under impulse currents. In order to obtain correct values of them, we have described Z-v(impedance vs ground potential rise) distributions and Z-t waveforms. The transient ground impedance of 36 [m] long three-parallel grounding piles have showed the inductive aspects and the hysterisis region under impulse currents.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of IIIuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers Conference
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• 2009.05a
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• pp.289-292
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• 2009

This paper describes the analysis for ground impedance measurement influenced by distance of current probe and frequency using the fall-of-potential method and the testing techniques to minimize the measuring errors are proposed. The fall-of-potential method is theoretically based on the potential and current measuring principle and the measuring error is primarily caused by the position of auxiliary probes. In order to analyze the effects of ground impedance due to the distance of the current probe and frequency, ground impedances were measured in case that the distance of current probe was located from 5[m] to 20[m] and the measuring frequency was ranged in 55[Hz], 128[Hz], 342[Hz], and 513[Hz]. The results could be help to determine the position of current probe when the ground impedance was measured at grounding system.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of IIIuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers Conference
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• 2008.05a
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• pp.313-316
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• 2008

This paper presents the error factors of Fall-of-potential test method used in measurements of the grounding-system impedance. This test methods inherently can introduce two possible errors in the measurements of grounding-system impedance: (1) ground mutual resistance due to current flow through ground from the ground electrode to the current probe, (2) ac mutual coupling between the current test lead and the potential test lead. The errors of ground mutual resistances and ac mutual coupling are expressed by the equation in calculating grounding impedance. These equations were calculated by Matlab that is commercial tool using mathematical calculation. The results of calculation were applied to correct grounding impedance.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.23 no.10
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• pp.793-797
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• 2010

The basic performance of the ground system is evaluated as the ground resistance by applying low frequency current below 1 kHz. However, characteristics of the ground system should be analyzed by high frequency current up to 1 MHz since transient currents having a few hundred kHz component flow during a line-to-ground fault and/or a lightning strike. This paper deals with the design and fabrication of a wideband ground impedance meter (WGIM) which measures the impedance of ground systems in ranges from 65 Hz to 1.28 MHz. Also, a noise elimination algorithm using a digital bandpass filter is proposed. The maximum error of the WGIM is 4.91% in the measurement frequency range.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of IIIuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers Conference
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• 2009.05a
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• pp.324-327
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• 2009

This paper presents the transient impedance in a discharge region when high voltage lightning impulse is applied to small-sized ground electrodes in frozen soil. For a realistic analysis of ionization characteristics near the ground electrode in the soil, ground rod installed outdoors and high voltage impulse voltage generator were used. From the analysis of response voltage and current flowing ground electrode to earth, it was verified that the ionization near the ground electrode contributes to reduction of ground impedance and limits the ground potential rise effectively under high impulse voltage.