• Journal of Korean Medicine for Obesity Research
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2008

Adverse reactions to foods are common and increasing problems worldwide. It is important to differentiate between the different forms of adverse reactions to foods, in particular the difference between food intolerance and food allergy. Food allergy is an adverse immunologic response to food and typically rapid in onset, whereas food intolerance is consequence of a variety of non-immune mechanisms and slow in onset. It has been difficult to diagnose food intolerance because of lack of diagnosis measure. There are now effective findings to identify food intolerance, and paradigms with food allergy are shifting. Food intolerance affects virtually every part of the body-from mildly uncomfortable symptoms to severe illness. While there is no known simple 'cure' for food allergy and food intolerance, there are a number of measures that will help avoid and lessen symptoms and correct the underlying causes. We focus the diagnosis and treatment of food intolerance through various views.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.63 no.8
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• pp.291-300
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• 2020

Advances in autoimmune encephalitis studies in the past 10 years have led to the identification of new syndromes and biomarkers that have transformed the diagnostic approach to the disorder. The disorder or syndrome has been linked to a wide variety of pathologic processes associated with the neuron-specific autoantibodies targeting intracellular and plasma membrane antigens. However, current criteria for autoimmune encephalitis are quite dependent on antibody testing and responses to immunotherapy, which might delay the diagnosis. This form of encephalitis can involve the multifaceted presentation of seizures and unexpected behavioral changes. The spectrum of neuropsychiatric symptoms in children is less definitive than that in adults, and the incorporation of clinical, immunological, electrophysiological, and neuroradiological results is critical to the diagnostic approach. In this review, we document the clinical and immunologic characteristics of autoimmune encephalitis known to date, with the goal of helping clinicians in differential diagnosis and to provide prompt and effective treatment.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.54 no.5
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• pp.426-430
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• 2013

The prognosis of solitary plasmacytoma varies greatly, with some patients recovering after surgical removal or local fractional radiation therapy, and others progressing to multiple myeloma years later. Primary detection of progression to multiple myeloma is important in the treatment of solitary plasmacytoma. There have been several analyses of the risk factors involved in the early progression to multiple myeloma. We describe one case of solitary plasmacytoma of the lumbar vertebra that was treated with surgical decompression with stabilization and additional radiotherapy. The patient had no factors associated with rapid progression to multiple myeloma such as age, size, immunologic results, pathological findings, and serum free light chain ratio at the time of diagnosis. However, his condition progressed to multiple myeloma less than two months after the initial diagnosis of solitary plasmacytoma. We suggest that surgeons should be vigilant in watching for rapid progression to multiple myeloma even in case that the patient with solitary plasmacytoma has no risk factors for rapid progression to multiple myeloma.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.27-33
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• 2021

The gut is a complex organ that has played an important role in digestion, absorption, endocrine functions, and immunity. The gut mucosal barriers consist of the immunologic barrier and nonimmunologic barrier. During critical illnesses, the gut is susceptible to injury due to the induction of intestinal hyperpermeability. Gut hyperpermeability and barrier dysfunction may lead to systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Additionally, gut microbiota are altered during critical illnesses. The etiology of such microbiome alterations in critical illnesses is multifactorial. The interaction or systemic host defense modulation between distant organs and the gut microbiome is increasingly studied in disease research. No treatment modality exists to significantly enhance the gut epithelial integrity, permeability, or mucus layer in critically ill patients. However, multiple helpful approaches including clinical and preclinical strategies exist. Enteral nutrition is associated with an increased mucosal barrier in animal and human studies. The trophic effects of enteral nutrition might help to maintain the intestinal physiology, prevent atrophy of gut villi, reduce intestinal permeability, and protect against ischemia-reperfusion injury. The microbiome approach such as the use of probiotics, fecal microbial transplantation, and selective decontamination of the digestive tract has been suggested. However, its evidence does not have a high quality. To promote rapid hypertrophy of the small bowel, various factors have been reported, including the epidermal growth factor, membrane permeant inhibitor of myosin light chain kinase, mucus surrogate, pharmacologic vagus nerve agonist, immune-enhancing diet, and glucagon-like peptide-2 as preclinical strategies. However, the evidence remains unclear.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.149-158
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• 2016

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease with a complex etiology that encompasses immunologic responses. AD is frequently associated with elevated immunoglobulin (Ig) E levels, and common environmental factors contribute to its pathogenesis. Several recent studies have documented the role of specific lactic acid bacteria in the treatment and prevention of AD in humans and mice. In this study, the efficacy of Duolac ATP, a probiotic preparation, was determined in a mouse model with AD-like skin lesions. Alterations in the cytokine levels and histological staining suggested the alleviation of AD. The in vivo test showed that T helper (Th)2 cytokines, IgE, interleukin (IL)-4, and IL-5, were significantly downregulated, whereas Th1 cytokines, IL-12p40 and interferon (IFN)-${\gamma}$, were upregulated in all groups of mice treated with Duolac ATP compared to that observed in the group of mice treated with 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (DNCB) alone. Moreover, the scratch score decreased in all mice treated with Duolac ATP. Staining of the dorsal area of the mice in each group with hematoxylin and eosin and toluidine blue further confirmed the alleviation of AD in mice orally treated with Duolac ATP. These results suggest that Duolac ATP inhibits the development of AD-like skin lesions in NC/Nga mice by suppressing the Th2 cell response and increasing the Th1 cell response. Thus, Duolac ATP is beneficial and effective for the treatment of AD-like skin lesions.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.7-12
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• 2018

Laboratory animal models have been developed to investigate preventive or therapeutic effect of medicinal products, or occurrence or progression mechanism of atopic dermatitis (AD), a pruritic and persistent inflammatory skin disease. The murine model with immunologic phenomena resembling human AD was introduced, which demonstrated skewedness toward predominance of type-2 helper T cell reactivity and pathophysiological changes similar as human AD following 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) sensitization and challenge. Molecular mechanism on the DNCB-mediated AD was further evaluated. Skin tissues were collected from mice treated with DNCB, and each tissue was equally divided into two sections; one for protein and the other for mRNA analysis. Expression of filaggrin, an important protein for keratinocyte integrity, was evaluated through SDS-PAGE. Level of mRNA expression for cytokines was determined through semi-quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Expression of filaggrin protein was significantly enhanced in the mice treated with DNCB compared with the vehicle (acetone : olive oil = 4 : 1 mixture) treatment group or the normal group without any treatment. Level of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-18 mRNA expression, cytokines involved in activity of type-1 helper T ($T_H1$) cell, was significantly downregulated in the AD group compared with other control groups. These results suggest that suppression of $T_H1$ cell-mediated immune response could be reflected into the skin tissue of mice treated with DNCB for AD induction, and disturbance of keratinocyte integrity might evoke a compensatory mechanism.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.23-31
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• 2015

Objectives : Allergic disease has been well known as an IgE-dependent immunologic response. Recently, interest about the late inflammatory reaction has grown up as well as early allergic reaction characterized by IgE and mast cell. The purpose of this study was to find the anti-inflammatory effect of Gamiyunjo-tang(GMYJT) in allergic reaction. Methods : The experiment was performed using Raw 264.7 cells pretreated with GMYJT extracts. In this study, we observed the toxicity of cells by MTT analysis and measured the production of LPS-induced NO, $PGE_2$, IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6 and TNF-${\alpha}$ at a concentration of 50, 100, 200 and $400{\mu}g/ml$. Results : No toxicity of GMYJT (50, 100, 200, $400{\mu}g/ml$) on RAW 264.7 cells was found after 24 hours incubation. LPS-induced NO production was reduced after treatment with GMYJT (100, 200, $400{\mu}g/ml$)(P<0.05). $PGE_2$ was reduced after treatment with GMYJT (100, 200, $400{\mu}g/ml$)(P<0.05). IL-$1{\beta}$ did not decrease at any dose. IL-6 decreased at 200, $400{\mu}g/ml$(P<0.05). TNF-${\alpha}$ production decreased only at $400{\mu}g/ml$(P<0.05). Conclusions : These data suggest that GMYJT has anti-inflammatory effects in late allergic reaction.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.149-154
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• 2012

It is known that lactic-acid bacteria (LAB) helps keeping the intestine healthy and to enhance its immunologic competence. In addition, it is known to control the composition of the enterobacteria and the intestinal inflammatory reaction by inducing immunological enhancement. This study was performed, in a mouse model, to test the treatment and preventive effects of LAB of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which was induced by a blend of LAB-administering trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS). To obtain the animal model of IBD, 2% TNBS was rectally administered once to a five-week-old male Balbc/J mouse. A probiotic combination was administered to the prevention group five times a week for eight weeks before the inducement of enteritis, and the mixture was administered to the treatment group five times a week, after the administration of TNBS. The changes in the levels of the cytokines of the lymph nodes and the tissue of the large intestine were observed, both with the naked eye and with a microscope. The observation showed that the levels of inflammatory cells, infiltration, and necrosis were much lower in the LAB-administered groups than in that of the control group. In addition, the inflammatory cytokines (e.g., TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-17A) decreased in the lymph nodes and the tissues of the large intestine. The results indicated that the administration of the combination to the animal model suppressed the inflammatory cytokines in the large intestine and in the lymph nodes, which in turn suppressed the progression of colitis.

• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.251-268
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• 2001

We arrived at the following conclusion after we have studied crohn's disease through the literatures of western and oriental medicine. 1. Crohn's disease has a characteristic of granulomatous necrosis and cicatricial inflammation which is called by segmental enteritis, granulomatous enteritis. This falls under the category of "Diarrhea", "Dysentery" and is similar to "small intestinal diarrhea", "acute temesmus", "splenic diarrhea" in oriental medicine. 2. In western medicine, the cause of crohn's disease indefinites, but it is presumed immunological unbalance of alimentary canal. In oriental medicine, it is summarized as the abnormal ascending and descending circulation of stomach and splenic energies, the hepatic stagnation, being the lower part of cleaning qi by exogenous disease, dyspeptic convulsion. 3. The presenting symptoms of crohn's disease are intermittent chronic diarrhea, fever, weight loss, abdominal spastic pain or abdominal discomfort. When anyone has a abdominal mass, a rectal abcess, and a rectal constriction by physical examination, we can doubt crohn's disease. 4. The methods of western medical treatment are a suppression of intestinal toxic contents and inflammatory mediator, a supply of nutritive substanceus to intestinal epithelial cell. Oriental medical treatments of these are "inducing diuresis", "warming kidney to reinforce yang", "nourishing qi to invigorate spleen", "eliminatin dampness by cooling" according to syndrome differentiations. As mentioned above, we can confirm possibility of oriental medical treatment that induces recovery of immunologic control function and we need advanced experiment, study, and clinical approach.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.41-59
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• 1988

In many of the helminthic infections, diagnosis is accomplished by the demonstration of the eggs or, occasionally the adult worms or their parts. Diagnosis can be made by the identification of larval stage obtained from stool or surgically extracted materials too. However some kinds of parasitic disease can not be diagnosed by above mentioned procedure alone. Brain cysticercosis, ectopic paragonimiasis, Capillaria hepatica infection in liver is a good example. In such a case, immunologic method would be helpful for the decision of physician. In this paper, immunologic tools such as indirect hemagglutination test, indirect fluorescent antibody test, circumoval precipitation test, ELISA, western blot were applied for the diagnosis of Clonorchis sinenisis, Cysticercosis and C. hepatica a infection and their efficacy was evaluated. The results obtained were as follows ; 1) In the diagnosis of clonorchiasis, ELISA revealed sensitiveity of 83.3%, but cross reaction against antibody of Paragonimus westermani and Taenia species were observed. For the identification of cross reaction and species specific band of Ag-Ab reaction, western blot was applied. 59Kd relative molecular weight and 21Kd band were identified as a Clonorchis sinensis specific band. OD values of ELISA performed with sera of 18 months after praziquantel treatment decreased to half level compared to that of before treatment. Negative conversion rate of ELISA after 18 months of treatment was 60%. 2) In the diagnosis of cysticercosis, IFAT disclosed 95.8%(23/24) of sensitivity and reaction was most strongly occurred in inner membrane. ELISA revealed 90.0% (36/40) of sensitivity, but cross reaction was observed in both technique. In western blot, 91, 63 and 21Kd Mw bands were identified as a strongly positive band. Among them 63Kd band showed positive reaction against almost all sera of cysticercosis patient. 3) Circumoval precipitation, ELISA, IFAT, showed 85.0% of sensitivity in the diagnosis of C. hepatica infection in rat. The antigenic localities were inner membrane of sectioned egg antigen on the prectipitates around the mucoid plugs which were induced by circumoval precipitation reaction. Sera from rats infected with 2000eggs were collected periodically to observe the changing patterns of antibody titers by IFAT and ELISA, which showed that high titers were detected at weeks 3 and 5, then gradually declined through weeks 9until to negatively converted at weeks 13.