• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.127-132
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• 2009

Background: Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a fundamental role in innate immunity through their capacity to recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns. Also, TLRs that are expressed in T cells are reported to function as co-stimulatory receptors. However, the functional capacity of TLRs on CD4 T and CD8 T cells has not been directly compared. Here we compared CD4 and CD8 T cell responses to TLR2 ligand plus TCR-mediated stimulation. Methods: TLR2 expression was analyzed on T cell subsets under naive and alloantigen-primed conditions. We analyzed the effects of TLR2 co-stimulation on proliferation and survival of T cell subsets in vitro when stimulated with soluble anti-CD3 in the presence or absence of synthetic ligand $Pam_3CSK_4$. Results: TLR2 expression on CD8 T cells was induced following activation; this expression was much higher than on CD4 T cells. Thus, the molecule was constitutively expressed on Listeriaspecific memory CD8 T cells. Based on these expression levels, proliferation and survival were markedly elevated in CD8 T cells in response to the TLR2 co-stimulation by $Pam_3CSK_4$ compared with those in CD4 T cells. Conclusion: Our data show that TLR2 co-stimulation is more responsible for proliferation and survival of CD8 T cells than for that of CD4 T cells.

• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.329-335
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• 2013

TCR subunits are members of membrane-bound receptors which allow the fast and efficient elimination of the specific fish pathogens have regulated function in adaptive immunity. Sequence structure of TCR subunits have been reported for various teleosts, but the information of each TCR subunit functional characterization through expression analysis in fish was unknown. In this study, we examined the gene expression of TCR subunits in the early developmental stages and observed transcript levels in various tissues from healthy adult olive flounder by RT-PCR. The mRNA expression of alpha subunit was already detected in the previous hatching step. But the transcripts of another TCR subunit were not observed during embryo development and increased after hatching and maintained until metamorphosis at the same level. It was found that all TCR subunits mRNAs are commonly expressed in the immune-related organ such as spleen, kidney and gill, also weak expressed in fin and eye. TCR alpha and beta subunit were expressed in brain, whereas gamma and delta were not expressed same tissue. The sequence alignment analysis shows that there are more than 80% sequence homology between TCR subunits. Because it has a high similarity of amino acid sequence to expect similar in function, but expression analysis show that will have may functional diversity due to different time and place of expression.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제43권5호
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• pp.750-760
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• 2016

The use of antibiotics in Korean swine production has been changing to a restricted use of in-feed antibiotics. These antibiotics, which are also growth promoters, are powerful for disease control. Due to this issue, the swine industry is consistently looking for any kind of alternatives to antibiotics such as new feed ingredients, feed additives, feed formulation practices, or feeding methods to improve pig health and performance. In general, dietary factors provide bioavailable nutrients and/or affect physiological activity to modify the physiological condition, immune system, or microbial population of pigs to improve their performance and health. Thus, it is suggested that dietary factors may be important components in the growth and health management of pigs. Using an alternative grain feed such as rice, barley, and oats, low protein diets or low-high energy diets can be used as solutions to manage the effect of stress factors that cause growth and health problems at specific time points during the stages of pig production. Several studies support that these alternative feeds and dietary factors may improve pig growth and health by changes in intestinal conditions, immunity, or other physiological conditions compared with typical feed ingredients and diet management in pig production. Therefore, feed ingredients, low protein levels, and different energy contents in swine diets were reviewed to better understand how these dietary factors can contribute to improved pig performance and health under different physiological conditions.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.116-124
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• 2018

Lysozyme is known as a key substance of the innate immunity and have antibacterial effect in the mucosal tissues, especially middle ear. Aquaporin (AQP) functions as water movement in the tissue and has been expected to be participated in the inflammatory responses. In the present study, we investigated to reveal association of lysozymes and AQPs in otitis media. The gene expression of lysozyme genes, homo sapiens lysozyme (hLYZ), homo sapiens lysozyme M (hLYZ M), and homo sapiens lysozyme G like-2 (hLYGH), and AQP genes (AQP 0 - AQP 12) were measured from postauricular skin, mastoid mucosa, inflamed mastoid mucosa, and middle ear mucosa. The hLYZ, hLYZ M and hLYGH gene were expressed in mastoid mucosa, inflamed mastoid mucosa, middle ear mucosa. Of AQP genes, all AQP gene except AQP 3 gene were expressed in the tissue of middle ear. Among them, AQP 4, AQP 8, AQP 9, AQP 10, AQP 11 and AQP 12 were highly expressed in the inflamed mastoid mucosa and normal mastoid mucosa (P<0.001). Interestingly, expression levels of AQP 4, AQP 9, and AQP 12 gene were significantly higher in the inflamed mastoid mucosa compared to normal middle ear mucosa (P<0.05). These results suggest that lysozyme and AQPs could be associated with inflammatory response in the middle ear.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.113-120
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• 2016

Bombyx mandarina is widely accepted as ancestor of B. mori. Silkworms are served as well-characterized models for understanding the mechanism for the genetic regulation of development. In this study, we performed RNA-Seq analysis to examine tissue-expression of gloverin isoforms of the silk-gland, mid-gut, and fat body in B. mandarina. BLAST analysis revealed that four gloverin isoform gene sequences of B. mandarina were highly similar to B. mori. To identify the difference between two species, the expression profile of gloverin was measured by semi- RT-PCR analysis. The specific expression of gloverin isoform genes was observed mainly in the fat body from B. mori but not B. mandarina. However, all of tissues in the wild-type silkworm could induce the upregulation of compared with the B. mori. To validate the sudden increase in gloverin gene expression in the mid-gut tissue of B. mandarina, we were using qRT-PCR. Relative mRNA expression rate of gloverin at the wild-type silkworm was much higher than domestic silkworm. Comparative genomics between domesticated and wild silkworms showed different tissue-expression levels in some of immune related genes. These results are suggesting a trend toward decreasing immunity related genes expression during domestication. Further studies are needed to elucidate the silkworm domestication and an invaluable resource for wild silkworm genomics research.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.273-281
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• 2015

The follistatin (FST) gene encodes a monomeric glycoprotein that plays a role in binding and inhibiting the functions of members of the transforming growth factor (TGF)-${\beta}$ superfamily. Thus, FST facilitates a wide variety of functions, ranging from muscle growth, to inflammation and immunity. In this study, we sought to characterize an FST counterpart, RbFST, which was identified from rock bream Oplegnathus fasciatus. The RbFST cDNA sequence (2,419 bp) contains a 933-bp open reading frame (ORF) that encodes a putative amino acid sequence for RbFST (35 kDa). The putative amino acid sequence contains a Kazal-type serine protease inhibitor domain (51-98 residues) and an EF-hand, calcium-binding domain (191-226 residues). Additionally, this sequence shares a high identity (98.7%) with the Siniperca chuatsi FST sequence, with which it also has the closest evolutionary relationship according to a phylogenetic study. Omnipresent distribution of RbFST transcripts were detected in the gill, liver, spleen, head kidney, kidney, skin, muscle, heart, brain, and intestine of healthy animals, with significantly higher expression levels in the heart, followed by the liver tissue. Under pathogenic stress caused by two bacterial pathogens, Streptococcus iniae and Edwardsiella tarda, RbFST transcription was found to be significantly up-regulated. Altogether, our findings suggest the putative role of RbFST in immune related responses against pathogenic infections, further prefiguring its significance in rock bream physiology.

• 대한임상검사과학회지
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• 제45권3호
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• pp.102-107
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• 2013

Hepatitis A (HA) is an acute infectious disease of the liver caused by the Hepatitis A virus (HAV). In acute HA, the presence of anti-HAV IgM is detectable and about 3 weeks after exposure, its titre increases over 4 to 6 weeks. Anti-HAV IgG is detectable within a few days of the onset of symptoms. IgG antibodies continue to last for years after infection and provide lifelong immunity to the host. This study was performed to investigate the current seroprevalence of anti-HAV antibodies in Jeonbuk province, South Korea. A total of 591 (male 322, female 269) serum samples were collected in July 2011 to June 2012. We tested the antibodies of anti-HAV IgG and IgM using a Modular E170 (Roche Diagnostics, Germany), and analysed the serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels by HITACH 7600-100 (HITACH, Japan). The overall seroprevalence of anti-HAV IgG was 84.6% (500/591), and the rate of females (85.9%) was higher than males (83.5%). According to the decade of age, seroprevalence of anti-HAV IgG were as follows; 68.8% (11/16) in the under 10 years old category, 100% (19/19) in the 10~19 category, 96% (48/50) in the 20~29 category, 83.6% (56/67) in the 30~39 category, 84.3% (123/146) in the 40~49 category, 83.3% (135/162) in the 50~59 category, 83.1% (54/65) in the 60~69 category, 78.1% (32/41) in the 70~79 category, and 88% (22/25) in the over 80 category. Total seroprevalence of anti-HAV IgM was 3.4% (20/591), and according to gender, the seroprevalence of male (3.1%) was very similar to that of female (3.7%). Through this study, we know that the seroprevalence of anti-HAV antibody in north-west Jeonbuk province, South Korea, was high. Only children under the age of 10 remain susceptible to HAV infection. Vaccination against HAV is not needed at the present time for the people of Jeonbuk province, South Korea, but a vaccination should be recommended and the improvement in sanitary conditions and personal hygiene should be highlighted.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제29권8호
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• pp.1075-1082
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• 2016

Modern livestock production became highly intensive and large scaled to increase production efficiency. This production environment could add stressors affecting the health and growth of animals. Major stressors can include environment (air quality and temperature), nutrition, and infection. These stressors can reduce growth performance and alter immune systems at systemic and local levels including the gastrointestinal tract. Heat stress increases the permeability, oxidative stress, and inflammatory responses in the gut. Nutritional stress from fasting, antinutritional compounds, and toxins induces the leakage and destruction of the tight junction proteins in the gut. Fasting is shown to suppress pro-inflammatory cytokines, whereas deoxynivalenol increases the recruitment of intestinal pro-inflammatory cytokines and the level of lymphocytes in the gut. Pathogenic and viral infections such as Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus can lead to loosening the intestinal epithelial barrier. On the other hand, supplementation of Lactobacillus or Saccharaomyces reduced infectious stress by ETEC. It was noted that major stressors altered the permeability of intestinal barriers and profiles of genes and proteins of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in mucosal system in pigs. However, it is not sufficient to fully explain the mechanism of the gut immune system in pigs under stress conditions. Correlation and interaction of gut and systemic immune system under major stressors should be better defined to overcome aforementioned obstacles.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.241-247
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• 1999

디프테리아는 Corynebacterium diphtheriae에 의해 발생되는 호흡기 질병으로 C. diphtheriae의 exo-toxin을 불활성화 시킨 toxoid 백신을 사용하여 예방해 왔다. 현재까지 국내에서는 정치배양 방법으로 디프테리아 toxin을 생산해 왔기 때문에 생산성과 품질에 한계가 있었으며, 이를 극복하기 위해 발효조를 이용한 발효조건 최적화에 대한 연구를 수행하였다. 디프테리아 toxin을 보다 효율적을 얻기 위한 배지로서 beef antigen이 함유되어 있지 않은 casein 유래의 NZ-Case를 선택하였다. 발효조에 의한 toxin 생성은 세포성장과 함께 증가하는 growh-associated form으로 나타났다. 최대의 세포성장과 toxin 생성은 초기 pH가 7.0인 배지에서 0.22vvm의 통기와 400rpm의 교반조건에서 얻을 수 있었다. 또한 최대의 toxin 생성을 위한 최적의 iron 이온의 농도는 0.3mg/L 이었으며, morgamcphospale의 첨가에 의한 calcium-phosphate 침전이 배지 내에 iron 이온의 농도조절을 위하여 요구되었다. 면역원성을 확인하기 위한 역가시험 결과 발효조 배양에서 얻은 toxoid는 4단위에서 모든 guinea-pigs가 생존하여 2단위인 정치배양 toxin에비해 월등히 우수한 것으로 판단되었다. 결국 발효조 배양으로 toxin을 생산할 경우 부작용이 적고 수율과 생산성 및 면역원성 이 우수한 toxid의 생산이 가능하였다.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.85-90
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• 1990

질트리코모나스(Trichomenas vaginalis)에 대한 마우스의 복강 대식세포 및 림포카인으 로 활성화시킨 대식세포의 세포독성을 각각 관찰하였다. 세포독성은 질트리로모나스를 3H-TdR로 label시킨 후 대식세포와 반응시켜 사멸한 원충에서 방출되는 방사능 양을 비교하여 측정하였다. 대식세포의 원충에 대한 비율을 1 : 1, 5 :1, 10 : 1, 20 : 1 및 50 : 1로 증가시키고 반응시간을 12시간 및 24시간으로 변화시켰을 때, 대식세포와 원충의 비율 10 : 1 및 24시간 반응의 경우 가장 놓은 세포독성을 보였다. 마우스 비장세포를 phytohemagglutinin으로 자극시켜 얻은 림포카인으로 활성화시킨 대식세포에서는, 아무 처리를 하지 않은 대조 대식세포와 비교하였을 때 세포독성이 유의하게 증가되었으나 세포독성이 림포카인의 희석정도와는 비례하지 않았다. 또한 질트리코모나스에 세포독성을 나타내는 세포는 주로 플라스틱에 부착하는 대식세포임을 알 수 있었다.