• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.11
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• pp.1665-1673
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• 2014

The objective of this study was to compare the compositions and immuno-enhancing effects of 6-year-old red ginseng powder (RGP) with those of its fractions. RGP was subjected to extraction with 100% ethanol to obtain an ethanol fraction (E) and residue 1 (R1). Then, R1 was subjected to extraction with distilled water to obtain water fraction (W) and residue 2 (R2). Chemical compositions were as follows: 4.94% acidic polysaccharides and 1.56% ginsenosides (amounts of Rg1, Re, Rf, Rg2, Rb1, Rc, Rd, and Rg3) in RGP, 0.11% acidic polysaccharides and 6.99% ginsenosides in E, 4.93% acidic polysaccharides and 0.40% ginsenosides in R1, 0.50% acidic polysaccharides and 0.30% ginsenosides in R2, and 7.46% acidic polysaccharides and 0.61% ginsenosides in W. Immuno-enhancing effects of fractions from RGP were examined based on suppression of immune responses by cyclophosphamide. In the first fraction test, the antibody response to SRBCs increased significantly in the R1-treated group, but not the E-treated group. In the second fraction test, W showed higher immuno-enhancing effect than R1 and R2. W, which contained the highest amount of acidic polysaccharides, restored numbers of T and B cells, macrophages, as well as $CD4^+$ and $CD8^+$ T cells in the spleen suppressed by cyclophosphamide. These results suggest that acidic polysaccharides from red ginseng may be more effective than saponin in enhancing immune functions and reducing immunotoxicity of cyclophosphamide.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.23-30
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• 2004

Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) has been used as a raw material in many traditional preparations since the ancient time. As a component of traditional health products, Ginger is known to be effective as appetite enhancer, anticold and anti-inflammation. This study was performed to investigate the immunomodulative effects of Ginger in mouse, using in vitro and ex vivo experiments. In vitro experiment, the mice splenocytes proliferation and three kinds of cytokines (IL-1 $\beta$, IL-6, and TNF-$\alpha$) prodution by peritoneal macrophages cultured with ethanol and water extracts of Ginger were used to indicate the immunomodulative effect. In order to elucidate the immunomodulative effects of Ginger ex vivo, water extract of Ginger was orally administrated into mice, and isolated splencytes and macrophages were used as experimental model. Ex vivo experiment, six to seven week old mice were fed ad libitum on a chow diet, and water extract of finger was orally administrated every other day for four weeks at two different concentractions (50 and 500 mg/kg B.W./day). In vitro study, the splenocytes proliferation was increased when water extract was supplemented in the range of 50-500 $\mu$l/ml concentration. In case of cytokines production, IL-1 $\beta$, IL-6 and TNF-$\alpha$ released by activated peritoneal macrophages were augmented by the supplementation of water extract of the Ginger. Ex vivo experiment, the highest proliferation of splenocytes and production of cytokines by activated peritoneal macrophages were seen in the mice orally administrated at the concentration of 500 mg/kg B.W./day. In conclusion, this study suggests that Ginger extracts may enhance the immune function by regulating the splenocytes proliferation and enhancing the cytokine prodution capacity by activated macrophages in mice.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.123-128
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• 2002

Physical activity is a primary cancer control strategy that has received little attention to date. However, an Increasing number of epidemiological studies have proposed that physical exercise may be beneficial by enhancing anticancer immune system responses. We investigated the effects of acute exercise on changes in nitric oxide (NO) production and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression. The amounts of NO generated by abdominal macrophages in mice were measured after exercise. Thirty-two mice, which were challenged with thioglycollate broth to activate peritoneal macrophages, were randomly assigned to control, exercise and recovery groups. The mice exercised on a motor-driven treadmill for 3 consecutive days, either moderately (18m/min, 30 min/day, 5％ grade) or severely (18-35m/min, 60 min/day, 5％ grade). The mice were killed immediately after exercise or after 6 hrs of recovery. Nitric oxide was quantified by the Griess assay. The exercised mice showed higher levels of NO generation than those of the control mice, but the intensity of exercise had no significant effect on NO generation. Mice allowed six hours of recovery after exercise showed higher levels of NO generation than that of animals sacrificed immediately after exercise, but there were no significant differences in NO generation with variations in the intensity of exercise. Increased levels of iNOS were found in the exercised groups, and this was greatest in the groups allowed six hours of recovery compared to those groups sacrificed immediately after exercise. The results of this study suggest that acute exercise may enhance an immune response by inducing macrophage-derived NO generation; these results support the epidemiological findings which support the benefits of exercise in the prevention and control of cancer. Further study is needed to determine the physiological significance of these findings, which could be applied to the use of therapeutic exercises to assist in the prevention and control of cancer.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.144-148
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• 2018

Background: Panax ginseng is a well-known immune modulator, and there is concern that its immune-enhancing effects may negatively affect patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) by worsening symptoms or increasing the risk of adverse effects from other drugs. In this randomized, crossover clinical trial, we evaluated the impact of Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) on disease activity and safety in RA patients. Methods: A total of 80 female RA patients were randomly assigned to either the KRG (2 g/d, n = 40) treatment or placebo (n = 40) groups for 8 wk, followed by crossover to the other treatment group for an additional 8 wk. The primary outcome was the disease flare rate, defined as worsening disease activity according to the disease activity score 28 joints-erythrocyte sedimentation rate (DAS28-ESR). The secondary outcomes were development of adverse events (AEs) and patient reported outcomes. Outcomes were evaluated at baseline and 8 wk and 16 wk. The outcomes were compared using the Chi-square test. Results: Of the 80 patients, 70 completed the full study. Their mean age was 51.9 yr, and most exhibited low disease activity (mean DAS28-ESR $3.5{\pm}1.0$) at enrollment. After intervention, the flare rate was 3.7% in each group. During KRG treatment, 10 AEs were reported, while five AEs were developed with placebo; however, this difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.16). Gastrointestinal- and nervous system-related symptoms were frequent in the KRG group. Conclusion: KRG is not significantly associated with either disease flare rate or the rate of AE development in RA patients.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.213-225
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to identify the Effect of Hand Reflexology on Saeng-chi of physiologic, emotional & motivational responses and Immunity in ESRD patients who received hemodialysis in two general hospital from June to September. 2001 A two group quasi-experimental research with pre and post test design was used. The number of participants in the experimental group was 23, and in the control group, 20 The Hand Reflexology Intervention was developed by the researcher based on hand reflexology by Carter & Weber and Chi-massage by Chia. The Hand Reflexology was applied to both hands for 10 minutes per day. and 5 days by 5 times. To evaluate the effects of the program, Pre and Post evaluations were done. In the physiologic response, the PR was decreased at the 1st times post treatment and at the 5th. In addition BP was decreased at the 1st time, but not the 5th. After 5 treatments, there were significant increase in Hb and significant decreases in the BUN and Cr. levels in the experimental group. In the emotional and motivational responses, there were significant increases in vigor, mood, uplifts and self care agency scores in the experimental group, but there was no significant difference in the Rosenberg's self esteem score. In the experimental group, significantly increased CD4, and h/s ratios were found, also NK cells were significantly decreased, and there was a decrease in the CD8. However, no significant differences between groups were observed. There were significant increases in CD32, CD33, CD34 in the experimental group. The self care agency score correlated negatively with the CD8. From the above results, Hand Reflexology is shown to be an effective mind-body nursing intervention for enhancing Saeng-chi responses and affecting some of the immune responses. However, Immune cell activation and differentiation with hand reflexology will be achieved with future study.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.57 no.4
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• pp.355-363
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• 2024

Although aquaculture shrimp production has increased, disease mortality has also increased. Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) is an emerging disease that significantly reduces production. In this study, we have investigated the potential of medicinal herbs in enhancing the immune system of shrimp. A mixture of medicinal herb extracts (Han In-jin, Artemisia iwayomogi kitamura and Cham Dang-gwi, Angelicae gigas Nakai) was absorbed into pellets and fed to whiteleg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei for 12 weeks. The weight gain, immune activity, and disease resistance effects of the shirmp were examined. The growth performance of shrimp fed the mixture of medicinal herbal extracts was higher than that of the control group. The prophenoloxidase (proPO) activity was found to be significantly higher at 8 weeks in the 0.1% medicinal herb extract fed group. The cumulative mortality when artificially infected with AHPND pathogens commonly decreased in the 8 weeks fed group when compared with the control group. Furthermore, the RPS (relative percentage survival) was improved. This study confirmed that a mixture of medicinal herbal extracts has a positive effect on growth performance, innate immunity and disease resistance in shrimp. The optimum concentration of the medicinal herb extract for shrimp feed was 0.1% .

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.37 no.9
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• pp.780-785
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• 2004

Recently many investigators have initiated searches for immunomodulating substances from natural food sources. Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) has been used as a raw material in many traditional preparations since the ancient time. This study was performed to investigate the immunomodulative effects of Zingiber officinale Roscoe in mice, using ex vivo experiments. In order to elucidate the immunomodulative effects of Ginger, water extracts of the plant were orally administrated into mice, and isolated splenocytes and macrophages were used as experimental model. In order to identify its ex vivo effect six to seven week old Balb/c mice were fed ad libitum on a chow diet and water extracts of ginger were orally administrated every other day for two weeks at two different concentrations (50 and 500 mg/kg b.w.). After preparing the single cell suspension, the proliferation of splenocytes was determined by MTT assay. The result of ex vivo study showed that the highest proliferation of splenocytes and macrophage activatation was seen in the mice orally administrated at the concentration of 500 mg/kg b. w. of ginger water extracts. In conclusion, this study suggests that ginger extracts nay enhance the immune function by regulating the splenocyte proliferation and cytokine prodution capacity by activated macrophages in mice.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.33-41
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• 2011

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to investigate effects of Scutellariae Radix water extract on hydrogen peroxide production in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages. Methods : Scutellariae Radix produced from South Korea (SK) and Scutellariae Radix produced from China (SC) were extracted by hot water. Effects of SK and SC on hydrogen peroxide production in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 were measured by dihydrorhodamine 123 assay after 20, 24, 28, 44, 48, and 52 h incubation at the concentrations of 10, 25, 50, and 100 ug/mL. Results : SK significantly increased hydrogen peroxide production in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells for 20, 24, 28, 44, 48, and 52 h incubation at the concentrations of 10, 25, 50, and 100 ug/mL (P < 0.05). But SC did not represent any significant effect on hydrogen peroxide production in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. Conclusions : These results suggest that Scutellariae Radix, especially produced from South Korea, has the immune-enhancing property related with its increasement of bacteriocidal hydrogen peroxide production in LPS-induced macrophages.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.9
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• pp.4185-4197
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• 2016

Chronic arsenicosis is a major environmental health hazard throughout the world, including India. Animals and human beings are affected due to drinking of arsenic contaminated ground water, due to natural mineral deposits, arsenical pesticides or improperly disposed arsenical chemicals. Arsenic causes cancer with production of free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS) that are neutralized by an elaborate antioxidant defense system consisting of enzymes and numerous non-enzymatic antioxidants. Dietary antioxidant supplements are useful to counteract the carcinogenesis effects of arsenic. Oyster mushroom lectins can be regarded as ingredients of popular foods with biopharmaceutical properties. A variety of compounds have been isolated from mushrooms, which include polysaccharides and polysaccharopeptides with immune-enhancing effects. Lectins are beneficial in reducing arsenic toxicity due to anticarcinogenetic roles and may have therapeutic application in people suffering from chronic exposure to arsenic from natural sources, a global problem that is especially relevant to millions of people on the Indian subcontinent.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.53-58
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• 2011

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to investigate effects of Scutellariae Radix Water Extract on hydrogen peroxide production in RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages. Methods : Scutellariae Radix produced from South Korea (SK) and Scutellariae Radix produced from China (SC) were extracted by hot water. Effects of SK and SC on hydrogen peroxide production in RAW 264.7 were measured by dihydrorhodamine 123 assay after 2, 4, 20, 24, 28, 44, and 48 h incubation at the concentrations of 10, 25, 50, and 100 ug/mL. Results : SK significantly increase hydrogen peroxide production in RAW 264.7 cells for 2, 4, 20, 24, 28, 44, and 48 h incubation at the concentrations of 10, 25, 50, and 100 ug/mL (P < 0.05). SC also significantly increase hydrogen peroxide production in RAW 264.7 cells for 4, 20, 24, 28, and 48 h incubation at the concentrations of 10, 25, 50, and 100 ug/mL (P < 0.05). For 2 h incubation, SC significantly increase hydrogen peroxide production in RAW 264.7 cells at the concentrations of 10, 25, and 100 ug/mL (P < 0.05). For 44 h incubation, SC significantly increase hydrogen peroxide production in RAW 264.7 cells at the concentrations of 10, 25, and 50 ug/mL (P < 0.05). Conclusions : These results suggest that Scutellariae Radix has the immune - enhancing property related with its increasement of hydrogen peroxide production in macrophages.