• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.71-77
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• 2010

Anti-freezing layer does not used in case of non frost heaving in subgrade soils. In this case, the modulus of subgrade soils were varied with freezing and thaw cycles under non frost heaving. That effect should be properly considered in pavement design. Impact resonance test that is nondestructive testing method was used for continuously determining the modulus of subgrade soils during freezing and thaw cycle. The modulus of subgrade soils was identical with freezing and thaw cycles under closed freezing and thaw system which is no water supplement into specimen during testing. There was also no difference in the modulus of subgrade soil between before and after freezing-thaw cycles for all specimens with different water content and density. That is thaw-weakening of subgrade soils do not occur under closed freezing and thaw system. The moduli at freezing conditions are varied with water content and density, but it can be ignored in practical design sense.

• Proceedings of the Korea Institute of Fire Science and Engineering Conference
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• 1997.11a
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• pp.146-153
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• 1997

An experimental study was performed of natural-convection downward smolder spread across a sawdust bed peripherally enclosed with an insulating container, to examine the effect of the open- ing condition at the top end on downward smolder spread. Experiments were conducted by using relatively coarse sawdust and 25-cm-long cylindrical container The variations of temperature profiles along the bed axis with time were determined far different opening conditions and were com-pared with those in smolder spread from open top to open bottom. It was shown that the smolder zone initiated from open top toward closed bottom penetrates the bed with keeping high peak temperature like the case of open top to open bottom spread, although mean spread rate is smaller. This indicates that the downward smolder zone can be sustained stably if sufficient air or oxygen Is supplied from the back of it by natural convection even if upward draft entering from the bottom of the bed is absent. When the top end was partially closed by mounting a cover after stable smolder spread had begun from open top toward open bottom, the temperature at the peak decreased more than 200 K and the smolder zone became to spread with thickening residue. In this case, the shape of temperature profiles continuously changed or decayed until end-effect at the open bottom end enhanced the reaction. The temperature at the shrunk peak, free from the end-effect, was almost identical with the temperature at the exothermic oxidative-degradation zone in smolder spread from open top to open bottom. from these results, it can be inferred for natural-convection downward smolder spread that the oxidation reaction of the char is very sensitive to the oxygen supply by natural convection in the space above the smolder zone, and that the top end opening condition strongly alters the completeness of reactions, structure, and behavior of the smolder zone.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.93-105
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• 1985

Whether a skarn deposit in carbonate host occurs in contact with certain igneous mass or not has been a general criterion in identifying the igneous rock that genetically relates to the skarn deposit. It is well known, however, that there are many skarn deposits which are not close to any given igneous contact but are far away from the contact. In this paper the reason why such deposits can be formed at a distance from the contact as mentioned is expressed based on the concept that skarn deposits and related igneous rocks are genetically connected at depth where ore-forming fluids emanate from magma and are removed upwards; the movement of ore-forming fluids separated from magma at any depth may have a tendency to infiltrate upward in bulk rather than to diffuse laterally; the paths of magma and cogenetic ore-forming fluids may be identical at lower depths but the latter can be diverted from the former with upward movement so that the positions of the skarn deposits which resulted from the ore-forming fludis at upper levels can be distant from the igneous contacts on a given horizontal section. Statistics indicate that the majority of exoskarns are found at distances up to 800 meters or rarely up to 3,000 meters from igneous contacts and endoskarns up to 600 meters or more. Numerous case studies of skarn deposits in various parts of the world support the above reasoning indicating a general downward convergency of skarn orebodies and related igneous masses with depth. A typical example of this situation is well demonstrated at the Keumseong molybdenum deposit, which is apart from the Jecheon granite on the surface but gets closer to the granite body with depth and finally is intertongued with the granite apophyses in its root zone. Another case for skarn deposit not associated with igneous contact either laterally or vertically but with a deep-seated distal igneous mass is the Sangdong scheelite deposit; 700 meters below the scheelite orebody a blind pluton of muscovite granite, which intruded into the Precambrian crystalline schist, has been recently discovered by deep drilling.

• Design & Manufacturing
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.37-43
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• 2019

This study conducted a research as to condensation heat transfer friction loss headby using three types of flat micro multi-channel tubes with different processing of micro-fin and number of channels inside the pipes and different sizes of appearances. In addition, identical studies were conducted by using smoothing circular tubes with 5mm external diameter to study heat enhancement factor and pressure drop penalty factor. 1) The friction head loss showed an increase as the vapor quality and mass flux increased. In case of saturation temperature, it shows an increase as it gets lower. These factors are the reason occurring as the lower the saturation temperature is, the higher the density of refrigerant vapor gets. The influence of heat flux is similar as the dryness is low, but as it gets higher, it lowers in heat flux, and as the high temperature of high heat flux, it is a factor that occurs as the density gets lower. 2) RMS error of the in case of friction head loss, it showed to be predicted as 0.45~0.67 by Chisholm, Friedel, Lockhart and Martinelli. 3) As forfriction head loss penalty factor, the smaller the aspect ratio is, the larger the penalty factor gets, and as for the effect of micro-fin, the penalty factor increased because it decreases to the gas fluid the way groove for the refrigerant's flow.

• Infection and chemotherapy
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.357-361
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• 2018

While carbapenems are the drug of choice to treat extended-spectrum-${\beta}$-lactamase (ESBL)-producing strains, some alternative carbapenem-sparing regimens are suggested for antibiotic stewardship. We experienced a case of ciprofloxacin treatment failure for acute pyelonephritis caused by an apparently susceptible Escherichia coli. A 71-year-old woman presented the emergency department with fever for 7 days and bilateral flank pain for 2 days. The laboratory results and abdominopelvic computed tomography finding were compatible with acute pyelonephritis. During 3-day ciprofloxacin therapy, the patient remained febrile with persistent bacteremia. After the change in antibiotics to ertapenem, the patient's clinical course started to improve. ESBL-producing E. coli isolates were identified in all three consecutive blood samples. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns, serotypes, and sequence types showed the three isolates were derived from the identical strain. The isolates produced CTX-M-14 type ESBL belonging to the ST69 clonal group. Despite in vitro susceptibility, the failure was attributed to a gyrA point mutation encoding Ser83Leu within quinolone resistance-determining regions. This case suggests that ciprofloxacin should be used cautiously in the treatment of serious infections caused by ciprofloxacin-susceptible, ESBL-producing E. coli, even in acute pyelonephritis because in-vitro susceptibility tests could fail to detect certain genetic mutations.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.77-86
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• 2023

PURPOSE: This study developed an experimental algorithm, which is similar or identical to semantic linking for KCF codes, even if it converted existing semantic code linking methods to morphological code extraction methods. The purpose of this study was to verify the applicability of the system. METHODS: An experimental algorithm was developed as a morphological extraction method using code-specific words in the KCF code descriptions. The algorithm was designed in five stages that extracted KCF code using natural language paragraphs. For verification, 80 clinical natural language experimental cases were defined. Data acquisition for the study was conducted with the deliberation and approval of the bioethics committee of the relevant institution. Each case was linked by experts and was extracted through the System. The linking accuracy index model was used to compare the KCF code linking by experts with those extracted from the system. RESULTS: The accuracy was checked using the linking accuracy index model for each case. The analysis was divided into five sections using the accuracy range. The section with less than 25% was compared; the first experimental accuracy was 61.24%. In the second, the accuracy was 42.50%. The accuracy was improved to 30.59% in the section by only a weight adjustment. The accuracy can be improved by adjusting several independent variables applied to the system. CONCLUSION: This paper suggested and verified a way to easily extract and utilize KCF codes even if they are not experts. KCF requires the system for utilization, and additional study will be needed.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.424-428
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• 2013

To identify risk factors for Legionella contamination, water quality variables routinely measured in examination of natural and city waters were meta-analyzed for significance of correlation to Legionella incidences. For evaluation of abundance of Escherichia coli as a risk factor, which is currently used as an indicator of Legionella contamination in an official guideline in Korea, odds ratio (OR) of above-cutoff total coliform counts for Legionella presence/absence was used as the effect size in the meta-analysis. The OR was estimated as 1.05 (0.36-3.12, 95% CI), and the probability of having identical odds reached 0.92. Also, ORs from individual studies showed significant heterogeneity (P=0.008), which contributed to 63% of total variance of the ORs. In the case of heterotrophic plate count (HPC), the OR for Legionella presence/absence was 2.72 (2.04-3.63) with highly significant deviation from identical odds (P<0.0001). ORs from different studies were seemingly homogeneous ($Q_{df=8}$=12.7, P=0.12). Turbidity and concentrations of chlorine, iron ion and cupper ion were other routine variables that could be considered as risk factors. However, statistical measures from different studies were not uniform enough to develop an appropriate effect size while the number of studies reporting the variables was also small (3-5). In conclusion, HPC appeared to be appropriate as indicator of Legionella contamination, rather than fecal bacteria contamination. HPC may imply abundance of habitats (amoebas and biofilms) of Legionella in water. This result warrants further studies for standardizing protocols and cutoff values to infer Legionella risks from HPC.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.149-156
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• 2010

TV news anchor woman's appearance, voice, expression, and clothing, etc., have an influence on the reliability of the article to be reported. Among these, clothing is the most crucial factor in forming an anchor woman's image, especially the clothing color factor. This study is aimed at providing the basic foundation for anchor woman when they select the clothing color by analyzing the clothing color image on the screen. For this purpose, the KBS and MBC 9 o'clock news desk and SBS 8 o'clock news of the local major news programs were selected. With the collection of 300 pieces of news clips related to anchor woman's clothing from January to December 2008, they were classified into F/W seasons and analyzed by the clothing color. The surveying method of clothing color was to capture the anchor woman's clothing among the news clips, then pick the representing color by applying Adobe Photoshop, and researching the formed $L^*a^*b^*$ value of color chips. The surveyed color was transformed into value of distant cell, H V/C, and the results were analyzed. As a result, it showed that the White system for anchor woman's clothing during the S/S seasons is most frequently picked, followed by the Red system. In F/W seasons, Gray system is the most favored, then White and Red, respectively. It was revealed that the most frequently selected colors for upper-wear by anchor women in the three broadcasting stations was an achromatic color, such as White or Gray, and then the chromatic color, Red. It shows that there is no big difference in season. The Inner-wear color matched the jackets which were also achromatic in color, white and black being the most favored in the S/S seasons, and in the case of chromatic colors, Red was the most favored. In addition to this, identical coloration with jacket, coloration with similar color, or single color as clothing color were no less frequently adopted. During the F/W seasons, identical coloration accounts for 26%, the most popular colored being White and Red. It was found that the coloration with achromatic colors are highly favored in the three major broadcasting stations alike.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.317-327
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• 2014

This study focuses on developing railway facility charging scheme and more understanding of its corresponding regulations, which is to be utilized as a principal guideline toward a railway competitive market in future. European countries where railway competition is already in place have referred as case studies. The study first defined what the railway facility charges are based upon a spatial concept, railway networks with links and nodes. There are two types of charging: first is on railway tracks which are identical to links, and another at stations which are identical to nodes, such that the railway facility charges become a summation of track charges and station charges covering all the railway networks. Next, we have identified what the objectives of imposing track and station charges are, including factors being able to reflect each objective. 6 objectives are proposed as for the track charges, and 3 objectives as for the station charges. The factors found are accordingly belonged to the objectives. In the end, relevant regulations are compared with the European regime to diagnose what further requirements or/and principals have to be guided into them. In summary, both charging scheme and the direction of regulation updates can be utilized in setting an appropriate charging scheme and corresponding regulations to ensure fair competitions.

• Explosives and Blasting
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.33-43
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• 2004

In this study, a comparison was made between the resulting behaviors of scaled model test and particle flow analysis for blasting demolition of a reinforced concrete structure. For the test and analysis, a progressive failure of a five-story structure was considered. The dimension analysis was carried out to properly scale down the real structure into the laboratory size. The test model was made of the mixture of gypsum, sand and water along with soldering lead to analogy reinforcing steel bars. The ratio of mixing components was chosen to best represent the scaled down strength and deformation modulus. The columns and girders of the structure were precasted in the laboratory and assembled right before the blasting test. The numerical analysis of the blasting demolition was carried out using PFC2D (Particle Flow Analysis 2-Dimension by Itasca). The results of the blasting of concrete lahmen structure showed roughly identical demolition behavior between scaled model test and numerical test. For the blasting of the reinforced concrete structure, the results were more identical and closer to the real demolition behavior, since the demolition behavior was better represented in this case due to the increased tensile strength of the component.