• 천문학회보
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.76.2-76.2
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• 2012

The understanding spectral characterization of possible earth-like extra solar planets has generated wide interested in astronomy and space science. The technical central issue in observation of exoplanet is deconvolution of the temporally and disk-averaged spectra of the exoplanets. The earth model based on atmospheric radiative transfer method has been studied in recent years for solutions of characterization of earthlike exoplanet. In this study, we report on the current progress of the new method of 3D earth model as a habitable exoplanet. The computational model has 3 components 1) the sun model, 2) an integrated earth BRDF (Bi-directional Reflectance Distribution Function) model (Atmosphere, Land and Ocean) and 3) instrument model combined in ray tracing computation. The ray characteristics such as radiative power and direction are altered as they experience reflection, refraction, transmission, absorption and scattering from encountering with each all of optical surfaces. The Land BRDF characteristics are defined by the semi-empirical "parametric-kernel-method" from POLDER missions from CNES. The ocean BRDF is defined for sea-ice cap structure and for the sea water optical model, considering sun-glint scattering. The input cloud-free atmosphere model consists of 1 layers with vertical profiles of absorption and aerosol scattering combined Rayleigh scattering and its input characteristics using the NEWS product in NASA data and spectral SMARTS from NREL and 6SV from Vermote E. The trial simulation runs result in phase dependent disk-averaged spectra and light-curves of a virtual exoplanet using 3D earth model.

• 한국지구과학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.59-71
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• 2002

Theoretical models of radiative transfer are developed to simulate the 85 GHz brightness temperature (T85) observed by the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Microwave Imager (TMI) radiometer as a function of rain rate. These simulations are performed separately over regions of the convective and stratiform rain. TRMM Precipitation Radar (PR) observations are utilized to construct vertical profiles of hydrometeors in the regions. For a given rain rate, the extinction in 85 GHz due to hydrometeors above the freezing level is found to be relatively weak in the convective regions compared to that in the stratiform. The hydrometeor profile above the freezing level responsible for the weak extinction in convective regions is inferred from theoretical considerations to contain two layers: 1) a mixed (or mixed-phase) layer of 2 km thickness with mixed-phase particles, liquid drops and graupel above the freezing level, and 2) a layer of graupel extending from the top of the mixed layer to the cloud top. Strong extinction in the stratiform regions is inferred to result from slowly-falling, low-density ice aggregates (snow) above the freezing level. These theoretical results are consistent with the T85 measured by TMI, and with the rain rate deduced from PR for the convective and stratiform rain regions. On the basis of this study, the accuracy of the rain rate sensed by TMI is inferred to depend critically on the specification of the convective or stratiform nature of the rain.

• 한국농공학회논문집
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• 제53권4호
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• pp.1-9
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• 2011

Forest area covers 64 % of the national land of Korea and the forest plays a pivotal role in the hydrological process such as flood, drought, runoff, infiltration, evapotranspiration, etc. In this study, soil moisture monitoring for conifer forest in experimental forest of Seoul National University has been conducted using FDR (Frequency Domain Reflection) for 6 different soil layers, 10, 20, 30, 60, 90 and 120 cm during 2009~2010, and precipitation data was collected from nearby AWS (Automatic Weather Station). Soil moisture monitoring data were used to estimate soil moisture recession constant (SMRC) for analyzing soil moisture recession characteristics. From the results, empirical soil moisture recession equations were estimated and validated to determine the feasibility of the result, and soil moisture contents of measured and calculated showed a similar tendency from April to November. Thus, the results can be applied for soil moisture estimation and provided the basic knowledge in forest soil moisture consumption. Nevertheless, this approach demonstrated applicability limitations during winter and early spring season due to freezing and melting of snow and ice causing peculiar change of soil moisture contents.

• 한국도로학회논문집
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.111-121
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• 2007

지난 2005년 12월 호남지역에 내린 폭설과 연이은 한파로 서해안고속도로와 호남고속도로에 많은 피해가 보고되었다. 특히 2.0m 이하의 저토피고를 갖는 통로 암거 상부의 포장에 최대 6.0cm 높이의 노면 융기와 횡방향 균열이 발생하였다. 이는 포장의 수명단축 및 공용성 저하, 교통사고 발생 등에 영향을 미치기 때문에 시급한 대책마련이 요구되었다. 현장 조사 결과 단기간에 증가한 침투수가 노상과 노체에 함유된 세립분의 영향으로 포장 내부의 배수가 지연되고 저온에서 발생한 동상이 포장 파손의 일차적인 원인으로 지적되었다. 최근 한국도로공사는 도로교통기술원과 공동연구를 통해서 신설되는 암거상부 포장에 대한 새로운 설계안을 제시하였다. 본 설계안은 암거 상단부에 맹암거를 설치하여 침투수의 원활한 배수를 유도하고 간극수압의 저감을 통해 포장하부의 동상을 예방하고자 한다. 본 논문에서는 위의 설계법 개발을 위해서 수행한 실험과 수치해석결과를 다루고 있다. 현장에서 채취한 지반시료에 대한 점토함유량 분석을 실시하고 2차원 유한요소해석을 실시하여 골재 입경에 따른 침투류의 배수특성을 조사하였다. 저토피고(2.0m 이하) 암거 상부 포장에 적용될 맹암거의 규격은 침투류 해석결과와 현장 시공성을 고려하여 폭과 높이를 각각 400mm, 800mm로 결정하였다.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.217-226
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• 2001

북대서양 중앙해령 동편에서 시추한 코아를 가지고 안정동위원소 및 고해양학적, 퇴적학적 연구를 시도하였다. 부유유공충의 안정동위원소 기록에서 분명한 이상을 보이며 이것은 하인리히 이벤트와 잘 대비된다. 코아에서 발견된 빙하쇄설퇴적층은 석영, 알칼리장석, 사장석, 방해석, 백운석, 운모 등 다양한 성분의 쇄설성광물을 함유하고 있다. H3와 H6 이외의 모든 빙하쇄설퇴적층은 쇄설탄산염광물을 1-13% 함유하고 있다. 부유유공충인 N.pachyderma(sin.)에서 가장 큰 이상을 보이며, G. bulloides와 G. inflata의 ${\delta}^{18}O는 중위도 수온약층 구조에서의 체계적인 변화를 보여준다. 빙하쇄설퇴적층이 형성되는 기간 동안에는 저서유공충의 <${\delta}^{13}C가 내려갔고 이에 일치하여 낮은 값의 ${\delta}^{18}O와 영양분이 풍부한 해수가 발달하였다. 제4기말의 25,000년과 57,000년 전 사이에 보이는 1$\textperthousand$ 이상의 ${\delta}^{13}C증가는 북대서양심해수(NADW)의 약화와 이에 따른 남쪽기원의 남극저층수(AABW)의 상대적인 확장을 의미한다. 코아 M15612의 빙하쇄설퇴적층은 코아 SO75-26KL과 DSDP 609에서 발견된 것과 대비된다. 포르투갈 대륙사면에서 발견된 빙하쇄설퇴적층은 대양의 H1, H2 및 H4와 일치한다. 양쪽지역의 유사성은 하나의 해양시스템 내에서 북대서양 해류의 상호작용에 의하여 형성된 결과로 사료된다.

• 한국지구과학회지
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.190-197
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• 2015

남극 브랜스필드 해협의 동부분지로부터 획득한 GC08-EB01 코어퇴적물의 고해상 엽층리로부터 규조를 이용하여 고기후변화를 연구하였다. 규조 정량 분석의 결과 규조 개체수 농도는 $0.4-4.2{\times}10^8g^{-1}$로 매우 풍부하게 산출되었으며, 엽층리는 생물기원의 규조가 풍부한 층과 육성기원 퇴적물이 풍부한 층으로 구분된다. 규조 엽층리는 Corethron crilophilum, Eucampia antarctica, Fragilariopsis curta, F. kerguelensis, Odontella weissflogii, Proboscia inermis, R. styliformis, Thalassiosira antarctica와 Chaetoceros resting spores 등의 번성이 특징적이며, 육원성 엽층리에서는 규조 군집이 혼합되어 나타나는 것이 특징이다. 홀로세 후기 동안 Fragilariopsis curta+F. cylindrus)/Thalassiosira antarctica의 산출 수직 분포비가 급격히 증가하는 구간은 해빙의 확장을 지시하며, 연구 코어 GC08-EB01 코어퇴적물이 퇴적되는 동안 적어도 5번의 한랭기가 있었음을 알려준다.

• 한국광물학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.22-32
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• 2002

Mineral composition and chemistry of the clay minerals in the three cores from the continental shelves of South Shetland Islands (NCS09) and Anberse Island (GC98-2), and from the fjord of King George Island (A10-01) were determined by X-ray diffraction and electron microprobe analysis in search of the distributions and origin of the clay minerals in the Antarctic marine sediments. Smectite content is relatively high in NCS09 regardless of core depths (av. 8.3%), but low in GC98-2 (1.1%). In Al0-01, smectite content is higher in the upper section than in the lower section. Kaolinite was not detected from all the cores in this study Yellow to yellowish green clay granules were commonly scattered in the sediments of NCS09 cores. The clays contain 16.97% and 2.53% $Fe_2$$O_3$와 $K_2$O. Average structural formula of the clay indicates ferrian beidellite . The (Fe, K)-rich smectite of NSC09 must have been derived from relatively young basaltic volcanics altered by reaction with seawater near Shetland Islands by glacial erosion or eolian process related to volcanic eruption. GC98-2 nearer to Antarctic continent is very low in smectite content. In A10-01, the lower diamicton was deposited from the glacial erosion of smectite-free ancient volcanics in the interior of King George Island, while the upper section was derived from the smectite-bearing terrestrial debris and eolian materials after retreat of glaciers in Marian Cove and ice cover in Barton Peninsula. Thehigh K contents of smectites suggest the interstratification of illite and smectite layers, which might be observed by future TEM lattice fringe imaging.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.215-224
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• 2008

A piston core (MR06-04 PC23A) collected from the northern continental slope in the central Bering Sea has recorded the high-resolution millennial-scale variation of calcium carbonate ($CaCO3$) content during the last 65 kyr. An estimation of the age of the core sediments was carried out by using the lithologic correlation of the deglacial laminated layers with a neighboring core (HLY02023JPC), complementing the last appearance datum of both Lychnocanoma nipponica sakaii (54 kyr) and Amphimelissa setosa (85 kyr). The probable age of core MR06-04 PC23A was approximately younger than 65 kyr. Two distinct events of a significant increase of $CaCO3$ in the deglacial laminated sediments clearly correspond to MWP1A and MWP1B in the Bering Sea (Gorbarenko et al. 2005) and to T1ANP and T1BNP in the North Pacific (Gorbarenko 1996). These pronounced peaks of $CaCO3$ contents result from the elevated carbonate production in the surface water and the subsequent weakened dilution due to terrestrial input, along with an enhanced oxygen minimum zone. The $CaCO3$ contents are low (${\sim}2%$) during the last glacial period mainly because of a low carbonate production caused by an expanded sea-ice cover and an increased dilution by terrigenous particles due to their closer distance to the continent during the sea-level low stand. The occurrence of seven distinct $CaCO3$ peaks in core MR06-04 PC23A is remarkable during MIS 3 and MIS 4, and they most likely correlate to the short-term millennial Dansgaard-Oeschger events.

• 대기
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.387-395
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• 2008

The impact of horizontal resolution on a regional climate model was investigated by simulating precipitation over the Korean Peninsula. As a regional climate model, the SNURCM(Seoul National University Regional Climate Model) has 21 sigma layers and includes the NCAR CLM(National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Land Model) for land-surface model, the Grell scheme for cumulus convection, the Simple Ice scheme for explicit moisture, and the MRF(Medium-Range Forecast) scheme for PBL(Planetary Boundary Layer) processing. The SNURCM was performed with 20 km resolution for Korea and 60 km resolution for East Asia during a 20-year period (1980-1999). Although the SNURCM systematically underestimated precipitation over the Korean Peninsula, the increase of model resolution simulated more precipitation in the southern region of the Korean Peninsula, and a more accurate distribution of precipitation by reflecting the effect of topography. The increase of precipitation was produced by more detailed terrain data which has a 10 minute terrain in the 20 km resolution model compared to the 30 minute terrain in the 60 km resolution model. The increase in model resolution and more detailed terrain data played an important role in generating more precipitation over the Korean Peninsula. While the high resolution model with the same terrain data resulted in increasing of precipitation over the Korean Peninsula including the adjoining sea, the difference of the terrain data resolution only influenced the precipitation distribution of the mountainous area by increasing the amount of non-convective rain. In conclusion, the regional climate model (SNURCM) with higher resolution simulated more precipitation over the Korean Peninsula by reducing the systematic underestimation of precipitation over the Korean Peninsula.

• 한국지형학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.79-92
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• 2016

Samples from two boreholes of coastal dune field at Jangho-ri coast, Gochang was studied. These were analyzed by grain size analysis geochemical analysis, and the application of OSL dating method to understand the development during the Holocene. The boreholes SB8 and SB9 were classified into three different sedimentary layers by their mean grain size and geochemical characteristics. The results revealed that the upper sand layer is equivalent to the present coastal dune layer, which developed since 1,200 years ago; the silt layer in the middle to the dune slack or lagoon sedimentation layer, which developed between 1,200 and 6,000 years ago; and the sand layer at the bottom to the paleo coastal dune that developed between 6,000 and 7,000 years ago. It was proposed that the forming material of current coastal dune was supplied from the sandy flat in coastal area, while the middle silt layer was supplied from the weathered soil of a bed rock by the comparison with material of surrounding area. In the case of coastal dune, concentrated layer of sands were identified which were buried about 300 and 1,200 years ago, which is identified as the little ice age. This study confirmed the development of Jangho-ri coastal dunes after Holocene Climate Optimum period, and it is likely to assist in the understanding of coastal dunes development.