• The Journal of Korea Institute of Information, Electronics, and Communication Technology
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.463-470
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• 2022

Intravenous injection is widely used for patient treatment, including injection drugs, fluids, parenteral nutrition, and blood products, and is the most frequently performed invasive treatment for inpatients, including blood collection, peripheral catheter insertion, and other IV therapy, and more than 1 billion cases per year. Intravenous injection is one of the difficult procedures performed only by experienced nurses who have been trained in intravenous injection, and failure can lead to thrombosis and hematoma or nerve damage to the vein. Nurses who frequently perform intravenous injections may also make mistakes because it is not easy to detect veins due to factors such as obesity, skin color, and age. Accordingly, studies on auxiliary equipment capable of visualizing the venous structure of the back of the hand or arm have been published to reduce mistakes during intravenous injection. This paper is about the development of venous detection equipment that visualizes venous structure during intravenous injection, and the optimal combination was selected by comparing the brightness of acquired images according to the combination of near-infrared (NIR) LED and Filter with different wavelength bands. In addition, an image processing algorithm was derived to threshehold and making blood vessel part to green through grayscale conversion, histogram equilzation, and sharpening filters for clarity of vein images obtained through the implemented venous detection experimental module.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.226-231
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• 2001

We investigated the effects of interactions of medetomidine and atipamezole on electroencephalography (EEG) in seven dogs. The dogs were sedated with medetomidine at dose of 30$\mu\textrm{g}$/kg, IM. Atipamezole was injected 15 min later at dose of 30$\mu\textrm{g}$/kg, IV. Recording electrode was positioned at Cz, which was applied to International 10-20 system. Heart rates, arterial blood pressures and behavioral changes were also measured. EEG was recorded in 6 stages(S1: before medetomidine injection, S2: prior to head-down movement after medetomidine injection, S3: 5 minutes after medetomidine injection, S4: 10 minutes after medetomidine injection, S5: 15 minutes after medetomidine injection, S6: prior to head-up movement after atipamezole injection), and heart rates and arterial pressures were recorded at S1, S5 and S6. All results were compared with those of control(S1). After medetomidine injection, the power spectra of EEG were gradually decreased and those of the frequency over 13 Hz were significantly decreased(p<0.05), which were still in the significantly decreased state after atipamezole injection. In the band powers (Band1; 1-2.5 Hz, Band2; 2.5-4.5 Hz, Band3; 4-8Hz, Band4; 8-13 Hz, Band5; 13-20 Hz, Band6; 20-30 Hz, Band7; 30-50 Hz, Band8; 1-50 Hz), band 1, 2, 3, 4, 8 were not significantly changed in any stages. Band 5, 6, 7 were significantly decreased in S 3, 4, 5, 6. That is, medetomidine affects the frequency band over 13 Hz on EEG, and atipamezole does not restored the decreased band powers until dogs showed head-up movement.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.33-41
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• 2003

The cardiopulmonary and anesthetic effects of tiletamine/zolazepam(TZ, 10 mg/kg IV), xylazine-tiletamine /zolazepam(XTZ, X: 1.1 mg/kg IM, TZ: 10 mg/kg IV) and medetomid-ine-tiletamine/zolazepam(MTZ, M: 30$\mu\textrm{g}$/kg IM, TZ: 10 mg/kg IV) were evaluated to 15 healthy mongrel dogs (4.16$\pm$0.65 kg). These dogs were randomly assigned to the three treatment groups(Control, XTZ, MTZ) with 5 dogs in each group. All experimental animals were premedicated with atropine(0.03 mg/kg, IM). Xylazine or medetomidine were administered to dogs in XTZ group and MTZ group 10 minutes after atropine injection. TZ was administered 20 minutes after atropine injection in all groups. The loss of pain response at pedal reflex and ear pinching tests in XTZ and MTZ groups were much longer compared with those of Control group(P < 0.01). All dogs in this study showed head rocking and hypersalivation during recovery time. Body temperature decreased progressively during experimental period in all groups, but it was not significant. After TZ injection, heart beat rate significantly increased 10 and 20 minutes in Control group, and 20 and 40 minutes in XTZ group(P < 0.05). Respiratory rate significantly decreased 0,10,20 and 40 minutes after 72 injection in XTZ and MTZ groups. In Control group, systolic arterial pressure (SAP) 20 minutes. diastolic arterial pressure(DAP) 10 minutes and mean arterial pressures (MAP) 10 and 20 minutes after 72 injection significantly decreased(P < 0.05). In XTZ group, SAP, DAP and MAP significantly decreased 20 and 40 minutes after 72 injection(P < 0.05). Thus, it was considered that XTZ and MTZ were useful in a canine surgical treatment that requires long anesthetic duration and deep analgesia.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.290-299
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• 2020

Purpose: Recently, totally laparoscopic gastrectomy has been gradually accepted by surgeons worldwide for gastric cancer treatment. Complete dissection of the lymph nodes and the establishment of the surgical margin are the most important considerations for curative gastric cancer surgery. Previous studies have demonstrated that indocyanine green (ICG)-traced laparoscopic gastrectomy significantly improves the completeness of lymph node dissection. However, it remains difficult to identify the tumor location intraoperatively for gastric cancers that are staged ≤T3. Here, we investigated the feasibility of ICG fluorescence for lymph node mapping and tumor localization during totally laparoscopic distal gastrectomy. Materials and Methods: Preoperative and perioperative data from consecutive patients with gastric cancer who underwent a totally laparoscopic distal gastrectomy were collected and analyzed. The patients were categorized into the ICG (n=61) or the non-ICG (n=75) group based on whether preoperative endoscopic mucosal ICG injection was performed. Results: The ICG group had a shorter operation time and less intraoperative blood loss. Moreover, significantly more lymph nodes were harvested in the ICG group than the non-ICG group. No pathologically positive margin was found and there was no significant difference in either the proximal or distal surgical margins between the 2 groups. Conclusions: Near-infrared fluorescence imaging with ICG can be successfully used in totally laparoscopic distal gastrectomy, and it contributes to both the completeness of D2 lymph node dissection and confirmation of the gastric transection line. Well-designed prospective randomized studies are needed in the future to fully validate our findings.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.185-191
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• 2016

The objective of this study was to detect the fragments generated during IV (intravenous) catheter injection of contrast medium and drug administration in a clinical setting and removal was performed by experimentally producing a phantom, and to compare the radiography, ultrasonography, and multi-detector computed tomography (MDCT) imaging and radiation dose. A 1 cm fragment of an 18 gage Teflon$^{(R)}$ IV catheter with saline was inserted into the IV control line. Radiography, CT, and ultrasonography were performed and radiography and CT dose were calculated. CT and ultrasonography showed an IV catheter fragment clinically and radiography showed no visible difference in the ability to provide a useful image of an IV catheter fragment modality (p >.05). Radiography of effective dose ($0.2139mSv{\cdot}Gy^{-1}{\cdot}cm^{-2}$) form DAP DAP ($0.93{\mu}Gy{\cdot}m^2 $), and dose length product (DLP) ($201mGy{\cdot}cm$) to effective dose was calculated as 0.483 mSv. IV catheter fragment were detected of radiography, ultrasonography and CT. These results can be obtained by menas of an excellent IV catheter fragment of detection capability CT. However, CT is followed by radiation exposure. IV catheter fragment confirming the position and information recommend an ultrasonography.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.208-221
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• 2000

The objective of this research was to compare the flushing effects using 1:1,000 diluted heparin or 0.9% normal saline in relation to needle gauge and frequency of IV medications. The comparative categories were clotting, duration of patency, and incidence of phlebitis. The design of research was a Nonequivalent Control group, Post test, Nonsynchrorized Design. The independent variable was 0.9% normal saline flushing the IV locks and the dependent variables were clotting, duration of patency, and incidence of phlebitis. Subjects were medical-surgical inpatients over 15 years old and with peripherally placed IVs who were hospitalized in a university medical center. Exclusion criteria included foreigners and those who were rejected for this research. The final sample for data analysis included 295 IV sites in 194 patients; 154 were in the saline group and 141 were in the heparin group. Subjects were assigned to have IV locks is flushed with 0.9% normal saline in the experimental group and to have IV lock flushed with 1:1,000 diluted heparin(100 units) in the control group. In order to increase reliability, the nurses who were assigned to the units involved in the study received an explanation on the standard method for locking an IV, recording method for observational data and criteria for the detection of phlebitis. Data were collected for a period of 2 weeks, from March 16, 2000 to March 29, 2000. Total duration of IV was defined the time of IV insertion to the time of discontinuation. Phlebitis was defined as the presence of the following : pain, swelling. erythema at the insertion site. Chi-square was used to determine the association between the degree of clotting, duration of patency, and incidence of phlebitis for the diluted heparin or the normal saline and needle gauge and frequency of IV medications. The results are summarized as follows : (a) There was difference in the degree of clotting between two groups($X^2=5.882$, p=.015). (b) There was no difference in the degree of duration of patency between two groups($X^2=2.439$, p=.295). (c) There was no difference in the incidence of phlebitis between two groups($X^2=0.190$, p=.663). (d) There was difference in the degree of clotting($X^2=6.209$, p=.013) and in the degree of duration of patency($X^2=6.978$, p=.031) according the needle guage between the two groups. (e) There was difference in the incidence of phlebitis($X^2=5.008$, p=.025) according to the frequencies of IV injection between two groups.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.167-172
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• 2006

Catheter fragment and embolism are both potentially serious complications associated with the use of an intravenous (IV) catheter for contrast media bolus injection, and may be followed by serious or lethal sequelae. Though catheter fragment is a rare complication of IV catheter insertion, especially in peripheral veins, CT can be used to detect residual fragment. This study demonstrates the utility of MDCT to localize a small, subtle peripheral venous catheter, which can be easily reformatted of MDCT reformations. Various 3D techniques such as MPR and MIP, volume rendering, and shaded-surface displays are currently available for reconstructing MDCT data. Advances in MDCT technology contribute substantially to the detection and accurate localization of smaller IV catheter fragment.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.171-178
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• 2000

To evaluate the pharmacokinetic properties and tissue distribution of a newly developed recombinant human erythropoietin (GC-rhEPO), we analyzed the plasma and tissue levels of erythropoietin by an ELISA after intravenous (IV) and subcutaneous (SC) adminstration to the male rats at the doses of 20, 100, 500 or 2,500 unit/kg. After single IV bolus injection of GC-rhEPO, the plasma concentration was rapidly increased and decreased with two phases with half-lives of 13.4 min and 2.94 hours. AUC was increased dose- dependently but plasma half-lives remained constant regardless of GC-rhEPO doses. Following SC administration, the plasma concentration increased slowly with half-life of 9.2 hours and reached peak at 8 hours. Mean residence time and bioavailability were 18.2 hours and 44%, respectively. After single IV dose of 100 unit/kg, tissue GC-rhEPO level was higher in bone marrow and spleen, while the depletion rate was slower in liver and bone marrow, indicating the higher affinity of GC-rhEPO to bone marrow. Taken together, the experimental results indicate that GC-rhEPO contained the typical pharmacokinetic properties and the tissue distribution patterns inherent to human erythropoietin.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.65-69
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• 2017

Patients with severe gag reflex (SGR) have difficulty getting the treatment they require in local clinics, and many tend to postpone the start of their treatment. To address this problem, dentists have used behavioral techniques and/or pharmacological techniques for treatment. Among the pharmacological methods available, propofol IV sedation is preferred over general anesthesia because it is a simpler procedure. Propofol in combination with remifentanil is characterized by stable sedative effects and quick recovery, leading to a deep sedation. Remifentanil acts to reduce the pain caused by lipid-soluble propofol on injection. The synergistic effects of propofol-remifentanil include reduction in the total amount of drug required to achieve a desired sedation level and anti-emetic effects. In this case report, we outline how the use of propofol-remifentanil IV sedation enabled us to successfully complete a wide range of dental treatments in a patient with SGR.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.427-436
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• 1993

The pharmacokinetics and relationship between in vitro dissolution and in vivo fraction absorbed were investigated after intravenous(iv) injection of omeprazole(OMZ), oral administration of OMZ capsules and rectal administration of 8 types of suppositories. The plasma concentration of OMZ (C$_{p}$)-time (t) curve after iv. administration fitted a two-compartment open model and the equation which best fitted the pharmacokinetics of OMZ was $C_{p}$ = 13.936 $e^{-8.78t}$+2.973 $e^{-0.716t}$. The bioavailabilities of OMZ in Witepsol H15 base (Supp-2) and PEG 4000 base (Supp-6) suppositories were 40.7% and 33.4%, respectively, which are higher(p<0.001) than 13% of oral administration of capsule. The avoidance fractions of the first-pass metabolism for Supp-2 and Supp-6 suppositiories were 31.8% and 23.4%, respectively, suggesting that the rectal application of OMZ may be a more adequate route of administration than oral one.