• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.75-80
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• 1995

It is important to estimate the possibility of recovery in physiologically damaged woody plant. It is suggested that C.E.R(cambial electrical resistance) might be a useful method to predict the permanent wilting point. D/A and A/D converter can be used to measure the C.E.R and it took only 10-20 msec for a measurement and the values were stable during this study. A computer could be used for the continual measurement of C.E.R. There were very big daily changes of C.E.R. was changed according to the changes of indoor temperature, but the phase was slightly different. It is reasoned that daily changes in C.E.R. is induced by the changes of water potential and cambial thickness. It was difficult to detect the changes of C.E.R. caused by changes in soil moisture under high soil water potential. Under low soil water potential, the changes in soil moisture under high soil water potential. Under low soil water potential, the changes of C.E.R. can be detected. After wilting, C.E.R. is increased very rapidly. When C.E.R. is not decreased by watering, it will be permanent wilting point. But it takes several days to confirm the permanent wilting point. To predict the possibility of recovery from wilting, the values of C.E.R. have no meaning. But the changes of C.E.R. are significant. Therefore we can predict the permant wilting point in woody plant by monitoring the change of C.E.R. by the computer.

• Journal of Information Technology Services
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.69-85
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• 2012

This paper analyzes how IT adoption affects differently on the shippers' make-buy decision, depending on the changes through agency and coordination problems. Empirical findings are consistent with the theoretical predictions on the changes of shippers' decision, summarized as follows. First, while the adoption of agency-cost reducing IT leads to the increase in the proportion of private fleets, the adoption of coordination-cost reducing IT leads to the increase in proportion of for-hire carriage. Second, the extent of private fleets changes depends on the primary product type that trucks load, with products of important service task experiencing more increase. Third, the extent of for-hire carriage changes depends on the truck's trip distance, with long-trip trucks experiencing more increase. With the results, we present different policy implications from the conventionally advocated ones.

• Journal of The Korea Institute of Healthcare Architecture
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• v.5 no.8
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• pp.71-78
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• 1999

The current hospital buildings try to support the functional needs and the social requests that is proper for so fast changes of the society. The historical changes of the hospital is affected by many direct or indirect factors as same as the societal changes. The factors of the changes are so various as the aspect of the disease, the development of medical care, the medical system, the medical facility, the social demands and so on. This thesis aims to investigate the historical traces of the ancient hospital wards through factors related to the changes therefor it will be known what factors affected to the changes of the ancient historical hospital wards. Finally it will be not only presupposed a proper counterproposal to the changes of a future hospital scope, but it will be also known the history of the hospital wards.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.229-254
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• 2004

The objective of this study was to scrutinize the rationale of SUPAC-MR and its application in processing postapproval changes to modified release solid oral dosage forms. The types of postapproval changes that were primarily covered with SUPAC-MR included variations in the components and composition, the site of manufacturing, batch size, manufacturing equipment, and manufacturing process. SUPAC-MR defined levels of postapproval changes that the industry might make. Classification of such categories was based on the likelihood of risk occurrence and potential impact of changes upon the safety and efficacy of approved drug products. In most cases, the changes could be classified into 3 levels. It described what chemistry, manufacturing, and control tests should be conducted for each change level. The important tests specified in SUPAC-MR were batch release, stability, in vitro dissolution, and in vivo bioequivalence tests. It then suggested what type of a filing report should be submitted to the FDA for each change level. In general, level 1 changes could be reported in an annual report, whereas level 2 and/or 3 changes could be submitted in changes-being-effected or prior approval supplements. It could be understood that the purpose of SUPAC-MR was to maintain the safety and quality of approved modified release solid oral dosage forms undergoing certain changes. At the same time, it contributed to providing a less burdensome regulatory process with the manufacturers when they wanted to make postapproval changes. European regulatory agencies also implemented SUPAC-like regulations in handling such changes to drug products. Therefore, in this study a recommendation was made for KFDA and the Korean industry to evaluate thoroughly the usefulness of these guidances and regulations in dealing with postapproval changes to modified release solid oral dosage forms.

• Journal of Information Technology Services
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.1-9
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• 2021

Since the first confirmed case in January 2020, Coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19) has brought many changes to our society, and Korea is no exception. Some changes are direct and immediate such as restrictions on overseas travel and social distancing, but the others are indirect and slowly adapted such as lifestyle changes impacting industries and businesses. IT service sector is tremendously influenced by COVID-19. IT service is used extensively in response to COVID-19 taking advantage of its non-face-to-face characteristics. In that sense, the industry is positively affected and in some sense invigorated, giving birth to new kind of services. This special issue focuses on introducing how the IT services are affected, what kind of transformations are undergoing, and how these are expedited after COVID-19. This special issue expands and extends the case research section by collecting new IT service case studies concerning these topics. After competitive review process, 11 studies are selected for this special issue which deals with four different but closely related aspects: (1) evolutions of private IT services, (2) transformations in public IT services, (3) impacts in the hospitality and tourism industry, and (4) changes of people's behavior along with COVID-19. The first set reports on the evolution of private IT services that have created terms such as foodtech and edutech as we enter a rapid non-face-to-face situation. The second set consists of studies dealing with the evolution of public IT services. Evolution and rapid response to non-face-to-face appear to be no exception in the public sector. The third includes studies of hospitality and tourism which is most strongly affected by COVID-19. The last set deals with the behavioral changes of users such as technostress in telecommuting. Lessons learned through best practices and key problems identified in these studies may help us to actively respond to the coming waves of changes incurred by COVID-19 in our society as well as in the IT service industry.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.379-386
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• 2019

It is a study of the changing times of cooking programs that were broadcast and aired on TV. The media has shown a lot of changes in appearance, and it's also showing a lot We want to look at various changes and changes in the times through programs on cuisine and food that many people now prefer. In the preceding study, we looked at changes in media formats and changes in social changes and programs until the 2000s. Based on this analysis, the changes of the cooking program were analyzed according to the changes of the times. For the purpose of this study, changes were divided into cooking and historical changes, which were divided and examined by the period. Through this study, we were able to see the change in the cooking program in an era where changes in diet are mixed with changes in culture. It was possible to see the change through programs that consumers could feel, not unilateral delivery of information, and to see the change from the era of experts to culture. Further, through the introduction and challenge of local culture through food, subsequent research aims to see changes and social phenomena caused by the division of programs.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.15 no.6 s.59
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• pp.188-195
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• 2006

The development of a general hospital has a close connection with the trend of the society in general and it flows to the ways that satisfies the demanded value of the time. Therefore, various internal changes have occurred since a hospital has built. The changes is appearing through the time not only in the quantitative changes, but also in functional changes and correlations between each department. This study focused on these changes, and observed the St. Mary's Hospital - one of the major hospitals - which is constructed in 1980's. And then, it was divided into the D/T, O.P.D and ward as function that focused on the time of hospital's establishment (1980), the present (2006), and new hospital (2009) to observe the changing aspect of the function and department. As a result, according as age passes, this study shows function of each department is mixed. Among the D/T, O.P.D and ward, mixing functions of O.P.D is most notable. The mixing function brings changes in hospital's arrangement type. In the past, verticality style hospital was evaded, but recently verticality style hospital is appearing. Through this study, it is expected to forecast the new aspects of hospital and apply it to the new project.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.47-63
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• 2009

This study focused on changes in form and spatial uses of Urban Hanok in Bukchon, Seoul. There are 10 representative cases which have been renovated through the policy of 'Preservation & Regeneration of Bukchon' by Seoul metropolitan government and other experts. Changes in form and spatial uses of Urban Hanok in Buckon are as follows. First, Changes of scale. Trough removing extension parts, facade of renovated Hanoks are 'transformed' into recovering their identity. Using basements or lofts, intensive application of spaces is transformation which promotes the vitality of Hanoks. Second, changes of space organization. As Hanok changes its function from residence to commercial or cultural use, il a1so changes space character or reorganizes space organization. It is important that deciding function of Hanok has to adjust its scale and organization. Third, changes of construction performance. Through introducing new material and constructing method, performance of wall has been changed respecting its wooden structure and interior-exterior figure. However, technical studies must back it up not to destroy its value of eco-friendly architecture. Fourth, changes of facility systems, like floor heating system. They changes floor level of Hanok equally, and then sections of Hanok have became simple. Furthermore, inserting new facility space, such as boiler room, stand-up kitchen, bathroom and toilet, organization of space also changed. It is necessary that wise alternative proposal through the method of transformation or mutation must be presented. These four changes can be classification into method of 'transformation' and 'mutation'. Changes of scale are method of transformation and changes of space organization are method of mutation. Also, while changes of construction performance are mutation, changes of facility systems are transformation. Recently, as price of lots have been increased, a lot of Hanoks have been commercialized. Thc commercial energy threat 'the identity of Bukchon as residential area'. From now on, to operate 'identity' and 'vitality' complementary, it is necessary to make up for the preservation policy of Hanok and consolidate renovating standards of Hanok which correspond to character of particular region and building usage.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.14 no.11
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• pp.611-619
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to examine the technique of modal changes and its performance effect in Manjeong Kim, So-hui's pansori "Chunghyangga" at the portion of jungmori. It is because Manjeong-style "Chunghyangga" effectively presents dramatic scenes, role changes and emotional variations through modal changes of pansori. In this study, such two songs as and in jungmori were examined and study findings are as follows: Modal changes always reflected dramatic scenes, role changes, situational alterations and emotional variations. In addition, all the transpositions of the two songs were related to geunchin-jo and euddeumeum-jo. In , the technique of modal changes was intensively used in the latter half of the song, whereas in , it was used from the middle portion of the song. All of these uses of modal changes resulted in an excellent performance effect, which was musically expressed in order to discriminate it from the portion of role changes or explanations.

• Architectural research
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.157-166
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• 2014

This research investigates the design process of free-form architecture to understand the design strategy and changing factors during the development phase and the cause for them. It is aimed to foresee the changing factors from the design process and to reduce design changes. It analyzes the design changes of free-form architecture based on projects with finalized documentation or under construction in South Korea. Many free-form shapes of the free-form architectures have to be adjusted to rigid-form in order to satisfy function and be economical to build. The research finds three patterns in design changes. First, from the factors for design changes: function, constructability, design, program add/subtract, efficiency, circulation; Function and Constructability are the higher factors compared with the rest. The two are the design changes suitable for actual usage and cost savings. Second, each project has different predominant factors for design changes as the degree of free-form is different. Contrary to initial expectation, the greater the degrees of free-form of the competition scheme, the higher the rate of Function among the factors for design changes. Constructability is higher when the degree of the free-form is less than others. It means that the lower the degree of the free-form, the more properly planned the space of the building is. Last, Constructability of free-form architecture is considered during the earlier design phase than definite-form, one by which the design changes by comparing 'Before fixed Space Program' (BSP) and 'After fixed Space Program' (ASP) design changes. The research would be helpful as a reference for setting up competition guidelines to reduce trial and error during the design process.