• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.103-109
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• 1997

Eleven phenolic compounds including caffeic acid were identified through analyzing the aqueous extracts of Pinus rigida by HPLC. Among them, protocatechuic acid was the maximum amount of 6.84 ppm. Seed germination of Cassia mimosoides var. nomame was significantly stimulated by the extract of P. rigida leaves in the proportion ot concentration. However, root growth was elevalted at a threshold concentration below 25%, but it was inhibited at high concentrations. In 50% extract of P. rigida, upward root tip of C. mimosoides var. nomame showed negageotropism which the root end showed necrosis. New isozyme bands were induced indicating concentration activity of peroxidase from the extract of C. mimosoides var. nomame, especially in the cathodic region. Although it reduced the mumber of isozyme bands of esterase, esterase activities were stimulated in the anodic region of C. mimosoides var. nomame. The activity of amylase was not remarkably different between control and treatment.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.209-219
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• 2012

The properties of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH, EC 1.1.1.27) eye-specific $C_4$ isozyme were studied by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, Western blotting, immunoprecipitation, and enzyme kinetics. Furthermore, we proposed the optimal conditions for measuring the activity of LDH eye-specific $C_4$ isozyme. The isozymes were detected in the cytosol of eye tissues from Lepomis macrochirus and Micropterus salmoides and were more similar to the $A_4$ than the $B_4$ isozyme. LDH/CS in the eye tissue of L. macrochirus was increased in September, so the ratio of anaerobic metabolism was high. The electrophoretic patterns of mitochondrial LDH were similar to those of cytosolic LDH in the eye tissues of L. macrochirus and Micropterus salmoides. LDH eye-specific $C_4$ isozyme from eye tissue was purified by preparative native-PAGE. The activities of LDH eye-specific $C_4$ isozymes in L. macrochirus and M. salmoides were reduced at concentrations greater than 0.2 mM and 0.1 mM of pyruvate, respectively. These concentrations remained at 5.2% and 15.8% as a result of the inhibition by 10 mM of pyruvate, so the degree of inhibition was very high. The LDH activities of eye tissues were reduced at concentrations greater than 22 mM and 24 mM of lactate, respectively, in L. macrochirus and M. salmoides. The ${K_m}^{PYR}$ of eye-specific $C_4$ was 0.088 mM in L. macrochirus and it was 0.033 mM in M. salmoides. The activities of cytosolic and mitochondrial eye-specific $C_4$ isozymes were high in ${\alpha}$-ketobutyric acid. Furthermore, the activities of eye tissue and eye-specific $C_4$ isozyme had to be measured with 0.5 mM of pyruvate and a buffer solution of pH 7.5. As a conclusion, the eye-specific $C_4$ isozyme in M. salmoides has a high affinity for pyruvate and exhibits maximum activity at a lower concentration of pyruvate and at higher concentration of lactate than that in L. macrochirus. Therefore, it seems that the energy produced by the LDH eye-specific $C_4$ isozyme in M. salmoides was used at the first stage of predatory behavior.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.262-270
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• 2004

It is well known that long-term heavy ethanol intake causes alcoholic dementia, cerebellar degeneracy or Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome and aggravates the conditions of many other neuro-psychotic disorders. Recently it is indicated that protein kinase C (PKC) plays an important role in the action of ethanol and in the neuro-adaptational mechanisms under chronic ethanol exposure. In order to investigate the effect of ethanol on PKC isoforms levels within the range of not showing any cytotoxicity, B103 neuroblastoma cell line trans-formed from murine central nervous system was employed and western blot analysis was carried out by using PKC isoform-specific antibodies. The changes of PKC-$\alpha$, ${\gamma}$, $\varepsilon$ and ζ level in the range of ethanol concentration 50∼200 mM were examined at the exposure time 1, 2, 8, 18 and 24 hrs in both cytosolic and membrane fraction. A typical ethanol concentration inducing the PKC isozymes was 100 mM, and the transforming time ranges of PKC isozymes could be considered as two different parts to each PKC isoform such as initial (0∼2 hrs) and prolonged (8∼24 hrs) stages. PKC-${\gamma}$ and PKC-$\varepsilon$ were clearly induced during the prolonged stages in cytosol at 18 hrs, and membrane fraction at 8 hrs and 18 hrs, respectively. On the other hand the PKC-$\alpha$ and PKC-ζ isozymes were largely induced in the prolonged stages at 18 hrs and 24 hrs, where the PKC-$\alpha$ isozyme was induced in both cytosol and membrane fractions at 200 mM ethanol concentration while the PKC-ζ isozyme was induced only in the membrane fractions at 100,200 mM. At 200 mM ethanol concentration of 24 hrs incubation in the prolonged stage, the PKC-$\alpha$ was maximally induced by 150% of the control values whereas the PKC-${\gamma}$ was significantly decreased to 47% of the control values. These results suggest that 100∼200 mM ethanol may modulate the signal transduction and neurotransmitter release in the central nervous system through the regulation of PKC isozymes, and the action of these isoforms may act differently each other in the cell.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.98-109
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• 2012

The properties of lactate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.27, LDH) and expression of monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) 1, 2, and 4 were studied in tissues from Micropterus salmoides. Native-PAGE revealed that the LDH $A_4$ isozyme was predominantly located in skeletal muscle. The LDH $A_4$, $A_2B_2$, and $B_4$ isozymes were detected in heart, liver, eye, and brain tissues, while eye-specific $C_4$ isozyme was detected in eye tissue. In September, strong LDH $B_4$ isozyme activity was detected in heart tissue. High $A_4$ isozyme activity was noted in all other tissues except heart tissue. However, in November, strong $A_4$ isozyme activity was detected in heart tissue. The LDH/CS (Citrate synthase, EC 4.1.3.7) ratio in skeletal muscle and heart tissues indicated that anaerobic metabolism was high in those tissues. Native-PAGE after immunoprecipitation showed that eye-specific $C_4$ isozyme was more similar to the $A_4$ than the $B_4$ isozyme. The LDH $A_4$ isozyme was purified by affinity chromatography. The molecular weight of subunit A was 37,200. The LDH activity in tissues was consistently 11.05~28.32% due to inhibition by 10 mM pyruvate. The $K_m^{PYR}$ of LDH in eye tissue was very low. The optimum pH for LDH in tissues was pH 7.5~8.0. The LDH $A_4$ isozyme was detected in mitochondria of skeletal muscle, whereas the $B_4$ and $A_2B_2$ isozymes were detected in heart tissue mitochondria. Western blot analysis indicated that MCTs 1, 2, and 4 were located in the plasma membrane and mitochondria of skeletal muscle and heart tissues. The sizes of MCTs 1, 2, and 4 in skeletal muscle were 60, 54~38, and 63 kDa, while those in heart tissue were 57, 54~38, and 55.5 kDa, respectively. In conclusion, M. salmoides appears to use anaerobic metabolism predominantly when adapted to a hypoxic environment. In highly activated skeletal muscle and heart tissue, energy production is controlled by inward and outward flows of pyruvate and lactate through MCTs 1, 2, and 4 in the plasma membrane and mitochondria, with effective adjustment by LDH isozymes.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.26 no.2 s.85
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• pp.163-172
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• 1998

Thirty six strains of Pleurotus spp., from world-wide nations, were examined for interspecific isozyme variation. A comparison of isozymes in mycelial extracts of the fungal genus Pleurotus was made by polyacrylamide gel isoelectric focusing. A total of one hundred and sixty six bands was resolved from six isozymes. A cluster analysis was done based on the zymograms for esterase, glucosephosphate isomerase, leucine aminopeptidase, malate dehydrogenase, peroxidase, and phosphoglucomutase. From the isozyme analysis, esterase showed higher degree of variability, while it was observed less variability for the enzymes such as glucosephosphate isomerase, malate dehydrogenase, and phosphoglucomutase. The species P. ostreatus, whose taxon is controversial, was discriminated from P. pulmonarius, while P. florida was classified as a distinct taxon. The clustering of P. sapidus and P. spodoleucus strains appeared to be more difficult. It was found that some strains were included to another cluster based on electrophoretic banding patterns. These results show that this lack of congruence among data sets may help explain the taxonomic difficulty within the genus Pleurotus. A dendrogram of genetic similarities was presented, and applications of isozyme data to the systematics of these commercially important fungi was discussed.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.143-148
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• 1999

Two sibling species of the genus Platycephalus collected from the South and West Sea of Korea were reviewed based on the several meristic and morphological characters, electrophoresis of muscle protein, and LDH and MDH isozyme. Counts and morphometric characters of Platycephalus indicus were different from those of Platycephalus sp. by having 18~20 pectoral fin rays (16~19 in Platycephalus sp.), 70~80 scales of lateral line (83~100), 10.2~13.1% eye diameter (10.9~15.5%), 14.5~18.1% interorbital width (11.8~17.8%), dark brown of body color (light brown) and dark brown of pectoral and ventral fin outside (light brown and pale). The number of soluble protein bands in muscle separated by polyacrylamidegel electrophoresis was 16 and 18 from P. indicus and Platycephalus sp, respectively, and each bands showed their characteristics in activated degree. The number of bands separated from LDH isozyme were 2 and 1 in P. indicus and Platycephalus sp. and in the case of MDH isozyme, 5 and 4 bands, respectively. So we were thought that P. indicus and Platycephalus sp. from Korea were different species each other.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.386-393
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• 1994

To investigate taxonomical relationships of Fusarium species, $esterase-{\alpha},\;-{\beta}$, acid phosphatase, malate dehydrogenase, peroxidase and polygalacturonase were extracted and the isozyme patterns were compared by using polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic analysis. Only polygalacturonase was monozyme and the other enzymes showed little differences in banding patterns. Genetic similarities based on the isozyme banding patterns were as follows: the interspecific similarity between F. subglutinans and F. moniliforme in Liseola showed the closest relationship of 74.3% of all species studies. And the similarity between section Elegans and section Liseola was 45.4%. F. napiforme and F. nygamai showed the similarity of 64.7%, similar to the correlation between species in the same section. The similarity of these two species to Liseola and Elegans showed 55.2% and 45.4%, being revealed that they would be closer to Liseola than Elegans. However, these results were similar to those of any other sections. Therefore it suggested that these 2 species should be in a different section from any other sections. And F. graminearum showed the similarity of 28.2% to the other 6 species.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.263-270
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• 1999

In order to identify the morphological changes of tissues in mouse after irradiation. We have observed the redistribution of LDH isozymes and the morphological changes of skeletal muscle, heart, kidney, liver and testis in mouse according to variation amount with the time after the 1 Gray and 3 Gray irradiation each. As a result of H-E (hematoxylin-eosin) stain, the apoptotic bodies were more easily observed in the liver than the other tissues and the quantity of the apoptotic bodies was proportionated to radiation amount. The number of apoptotic bodies was shown the highest at 1 day in most tissues and at 7 day in testis after irradiation. TUNEL (terminal deoxyribonucleodtidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-digoxigenin nick end labeling) staining was shown the same results as H-E staining. After the irradiation, the protein content was reduced in tissues except kidney. And protein content was reduced in all tissues at the initial period of 2 hours after 3 Gy irradiation. But it increased at 7 days after irradiation. LDH (EC 1.1.1.27, lactate dehydrogenase) activity was increased mostly in tissues at the early stage after 1 Gy irradiation. The maximum activity was detected earlier stage after 1 Gy irradiation than 3 Gy irradiation. The activity of LDH $A_4$ isozyme was decreased in the skeletal muscle, heart, kidney, and testis. The activity of $B_4$ and $A_2$$B_2$ sozyme was increased in the skeletal muscle and heart, and the activity of heterotetramer isozyme was increased in kidney The activity of $A_4$ isozyme in liver was detected high level and the activity of isozyme including subunit C elevated in testis. Therefore, LDH isozyme seems to play a role of lactate oxidase in most tissues except liver after irradiation. These data support that LDH isozyme is predomintly involved in the aerobic metabolism.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.34-46
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• 1972

Lactate dehydrogenase isozymes in heart, kidney, liver and skeletal muscle of 15 species of vertebrate animals belonging to 5 classes were separated by cellulose acetate electrophoresis and the levels of them were measured and compared with each other. Lactate dehydrogenase isozyme patterns were different from each other among animal species and among tissues. The activity of LDH$_{5}$ was superior in anaerobic tissues such as liver and skeletal muscle, and the activity of LDH$_{1}$ was superior in aerobic tissues such as heart and kidney. The level of LDH of vertebrate animals of the 5 classes has found approximatry increasing in the following order: Pisces>Amphibia>Reptelia

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 1993.04a
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• pp.63-63
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• 1993

Phospoinositide-specific phospholipase C (PLC)는 세포막의 phosphoinositide를 분해하여 inositol phosphates와 diacylglycerol을 전달하는데 핵심적인 효소이다. PLC는 분자량과 1차구조의 비교에 의하여 type (PLC-$\beta$, ${\gamma}$, $\delta$)로 구분되며, 각 type마다 2-4종의 subtype이 존재하고 PLC isozyme들에 대한 현재가지의 각종 신호 전달 및 조절에 대한 연구를 종합하면: (1) PLC-$\beta$ type은 G-protein과 연결되어 신호를 전달받고, (2) PLC-${\gamma}$ type은growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase에 의하여 인산화 되어 활성화됨으로, 세포의 성장 신호를 전달하며. (3) PLC-$\delta$ type에 대한 신호 전달이나 조절은 밝혀지지 않고 있다.