• Journal of Korea Trade
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.21-47
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• 2021

Purpose - Offshoring has emerged as one of the major trends in international trade and has become one of the strategies for achieving competitiveness in the global market. In spite of this, the expected gains of offshoring can be offset by hidden costs and risks, such as those associated with the COVID-19 pandemic, the trade war between the USA and China, and the ongoing trade dispute between Korea and Japan. To obviate such business failure and prevent critical business blunders, offshoring strategies that efficiently consider both risk elements and potential wealth creation are urgently need. The first purpose of this study is to contribute to the development of more advanced offshoring strategies to help host countries select the best locations to manage supply chain risks and create unique value. The second purpose is to specifically analyze the current status of Korea and provide Korean companies with implications to be considered when deciding whether to offshore or re-shore. Design/methodology - A Network DEA model was applied to measure the comparative location efficiency of national competencies for offshoring strategy from perspectives of wealth creation opportunities (profitability and marketability) and supply chain risk management. The location efficiencies are compared among a total 70 countries selected from the Global Competitiveness Index (GCI) and globally attractive locations outlined by Kearney (2017). For the secondary analysis of efficiency, a t-test examining the nature of competitive advantage and the level of sophistication in production processes was implemented in three divisions. We then analyzed differences in offshoring performance in terms of the identified national traits. Moreover, Tobit regression analysis is conducted to investigate the correlation between value-added business activities and each divisional efficiency, seeking to determine how each degree of value-added business activity influences the increase in offshoring productivity. Findings - Regarding overall location efficiency for offshoring performance, only the USA and Italy were identified as being efficient as host countries for offshoring, under circumstances of advanced development, such as productivity and risk management. Korea ranks 13th among 70 countries. The determinants of national competitiveness depend on national traits (the nature of competitive advantage and business sophistication). Countries with labor/resource advantages and labor-intensive industries are more competitive in terms of marketability than others. In contrast, countries with strong technology-intensive industries benefit offshoring companies, particularly in the technology sector, with the added advantage of supply chain risk management. As the perception of a value chain is broader in a country, it can achieve both production sophistication and competitive advantages such as marketability and SCRM. Originality/value - Existing studies focus on offshoring effectiveness from a company perspective. This paper contributes to comparing country efficiency in producing core competencies related to an offshoring strategy and also segments countries into three performance-based considerations associated with the global offshoring market. It also details Korea's position as an offshoring location according to national efficiency and competency.

• 아태비즈니스연구
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.1-16
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• 2019

This paper examines how firm's investment has been affected by offshoring and financialization in Korea over the period 2000-2014 by using industry-level data collected from World Input Output Database (WIOD) and firm-level data collected from the KIS-Value Database. The findings are summarized as follows. First, offshoring index as expected shows a negative relationship with real investment. This negative impact is stronger in a large firm group. Second, there is a positive relationship between dividend payments and real investment. The positive relationship is greater in a small & medium-sized firm group. Third, the purchase of financial assets and the income generated from financial assets are positively related to real investment. The positive relationship is stronger in the small & medium-sized firm group. The empirical results show that firm size is a factor that effectively affects firm's real investment. This paper suggests that the influence of financialization and offshoring on firm's real investment should be assessed in various contexts rather than in a unilateral context.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제14권10호
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• pp.4784-4790
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• 2013

세계화가 빠르게 진전되면서 한국 기업들의 오프쇼어링 비중도 커지고 있다. 기존 연구들의 경우 오프쇼어링의 효과보다는 기업이 오프쇼어링을 선택하는 결정요인을 분석하는데 집중하고 있다. 따라서 본 논문은 오프쇼어링이 한국 기업의 생산성에 미친 영향에 대해 정량적으로 분석했다. 이를 위해 통계청의 기업활동조사를 기반으로 기업수준의 패널데이터를 이용해 합동 최소자승법과 고정효과 패널모형을 통해 분석했다. 기존 연구와는 달리 서비스업을 제조업과 구분하여 오프쇼어링의 영향을 추정하였으며, 두 산업 간의 결과를 비교하였다. 합동 최소자승법 결과에서는 전체 기업의 오프쇼어링 비중이 1% 증가할 때 노동생산성은 0.03% 증가하는 것으로 분석되었다. 그러나 고정효과 패널모형 결과의 경우, 오프쇼어링이 기업의 노동생산성에 주는 효과가 유의하게 추정되지 못했다. 모든 모형에서 오프쇼어링이 제조업 생산성에 긍정적 영향을 미치는 것으로 추정되었다. 서비스산업의 경우 고정효과 패널분석 결과에서 오프쇼어링이 생산성에 미치는 영향이 부정적으로 추정되었으나 유의하지는 않았다. 자본과 R&D비용 등 기업의 생산성에 영향을 주는 다른 설명변수들은 서울에 본사가 있는가 여부에 대한 더미변수를 제외하고 대부분 생산성 향상에 기여한다는 결과를 얻었다.

• 디지털융복합연구
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• 제18권12호
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• pp.183-193
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• 2020

본 연구는 오프쇼어링과 리쇼어링의 원인을 해석하고 이를 촉진시키는 요인과 발생 분야에 대해 검증하고자 한다. 자기조직화 현상과 프로스펙트 이론 관점 하, 미국 리쇼어링 협회의 실측 데이터를 활용하여 미국의 리쇼어링과 오프쇼어링의 실질적인 효과를 계량분석 방법으로 실증 분석 하였다. 연구결과 미국으로의 오프쇼어링은 미국 내 시장력과 투자국가의 혁신성에 양의 상관관계를 보이고, 미국기업의 미국 본국으로의 리쇼어링은 미국 내 시장력에 양의 상관관계이지만, 혁신성과는 상관관계가 미미하였다. 미국기업의 리쇼어링은 해외기업의 오프쇼어링을 이끌며 강한 상관관계를 보이고 있고, 아시아 등 경제 신흥국은 추격 사이클이 짧은 IT분야에 오프쇼어링을 집중하는 경향이 나타났다. 본 연구는 국가의 기업 투자지원 정책 방향성 수립과 경영자의 생산기반 투자 의사 결정에 기여할 것으로 본다. 향후 연구는 리쇼어링과 오프쇼어링의 영향 인자를 보강하여 경제적 후생 평가 모형을 완성하고자 한다.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.113-136
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• 2023

Purpose - Global production chains and their impacts on economic growth have drawn extensive attention from researchers. Close relationships among global production chains, export and economic growth have been illuminated, as evidenced by the fast and stable economic growth of East Asian economies. These economies perform various roles within global production chains using offshoring, in which the impact of import on domestic gross output is as strong as that of export. The impact of import on economic growth would depend on whether imported inputs substitute or complement domestic inputs production, which is likely to vary according to individual countries' functions within global production chains. The economic growth of concerned countries would also be diverse. However, little attention has been paid to the impact brought by imports compared to its significance. Design/methodology - The principal methodology used in this paper is structural decomposition analysis (SDA), widely chosen to elucidate the impact of various factors on domestic gross output using input-output tables. This paper extracts trade data of six Asian economies from the World Input-Output Database (WIOD) 2016 release that covers 43 countries for the period 2000-2014. The extracted data is then categorised into 37 sectors. First, this paper calculates the Feenstra-Hanson Offshoring Index (OSI) of each country. It then applies SDA to measure the changes in each economy's gross output, export, import input coefficients, and domestic input coefficients. Finally, after taking the first difference from pooled time-series data, it estimates the correlations between imported input coefficients and OSI using the ordinary least square (OLS) method. Findings - The main findings of this paper can be summarised as follows. Firstly, all six countries have increasingly engaged in global production chains, as evidenced by the growing size of OSI. Secondly, there are negative correlations in five countries except Japan, with sectoral differences. Thirdly, changes in import input coefficients are not negative in all six countries, indicating that offshoring does not necessarily substitute for domestic inputs production but does complement it and, therefore, fosters their economic growth. This is observed in China, Indonesia, Korea and Taiwan. Offshoring has led to an increase in the use of imported inputs, which has, in turn, stimulated domestic inputs production in these countries. Originality/value - While existing studies focus on the role of export in evaluating the impact of participating global production chains, this paper explicitly examines the unexplored impact of import on domestic gross output by considering both the substitution and the complementary effect, using the WIOD. The findings of this paper suggest that Asian economies have achieved fast and stable economic growth not only through successful export management but also through effective import management within global production chains. This paper recommends that the Korean government and enterprises carefully choose offshoring strategies to minimise disruption to domestic production chains or foster them.

• 경제분석
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.30-69
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• 2019

본 연구는 국제무역에 참여하고 있는 우리나라의 기업들을 대상으로 수출입이 기업의 노동수요에 미치는 영향을 살펴보았다. 통계청의 기업활동조사 데이터를 이용하여 2006년부터 2014년까지 제조업 24개 업종에 속해 있는 기업들의 수출입이 노동수요에 미치는 영향을 시스템 GMM 방법을 사용하여 분석하였다. 분석 결과, 생산성이 높은 기업에서는 수출이 늘어나면서 생산 확대를 위한 노동수요가 창출되는 효과가 나타난 반면 생산성이 낮은 기업에서는 이러한 효과가 유의하게 나타나지 않았다. 그러나 기업이 오프쇼어링을 이용하여 국내업무를 해외로 재배치한 경우, 수출이 유발하는 노동수요 증가 효과가 축소되는 것으로 분석되었다. 한편, 수입증대는 기업의 노동수요를 감소시키는 것으로 나타나는 데, 이는 수입제품이 노동을 대체하는 효과 때문인 것으로 보인다. 반면 기업이 오프쇼어링을 이용하는 경우, 생산 효율성 증대로 수입의 노동수요 감소효과가 완화되는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구의 결과는 수출입이 기업의 고용에 미치는 영향은 기업의 생산성 및 글로벌 아웃소싱 참여 여부에 따라 달라질 수 있음을 시사한다.

• 경영과학
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.1-20
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• 2010

Many firms are trying to acquire innovative technologies and relative knowledge by offshoring R&D work. Although research to date has focused on the multinational corporations' motivations of R&D offshoring, such as cost reduction and market expansion, little is known about external or environmental factors influencing the performance of global R&D activities. We investigated the relationship between the offshore R&D performance and the technical capabilities of the parent company, the host country and the home country as enhancers from outside R&D facilities. The analysis uses European patent data and EU R&D scoreboard of 134 overseas R&D labs from 46 multinational corporations in 2005. Also, we calculated total patent number of each country for this. Results from path analysis supported our main hypothesis that the technological capabilities of the parent company and the host country positively affect the overseas R&D performances. By multi-group analysis, we also found that the relationships among the variables are different for each industry.

• 산업경영시스템학회지
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.225-232
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• 2010

글로벌 IS 소싱이 확산됨에 따라 다국적 팀원들로 구성된 글로벌 프로젝트 팀이 급격히 늘어나고 있다. 상이한 시간대에 위치한 팀원 간의 상호작용이 필수적인 글로벌 프로젝트는 이러한 시간적, 공간적 복잡성 때문에 프로젝트의 성공적 수행에 많은 어려움을 겪고 있다. 본 연구는 성공적인 글로벌 프로젝트 수행에 필요한 프로젝트 관리 역량에 대한 탐색적인 연구 조사를 하고자 한다. 본 연구는 글로벌 프로젝트 관리 역량을 정보 기술적 역량(IT capability)과 인적 자원 역량(human resource capability)의 관점에서 고찰하였다. 연구 결과에 따르면 기술적 역량으로는 팀원 간의 조정 및 지식 공유 등을 지원하는 협업 도구(collaborative tools)가 프로젝트 성공에 중요한 역할을 하고, 인적 자원 역량과 관련해서는, 기존에 중요시 여겨지던 기술적 지식들 보다는 경영학적 관리 지식 및 의사 소통 능력 등이 중요시 여겨지는 것으로 나타났다. 인적 역량의 관점에서, 본 연구 결과는 해외소싱이 활발해 짐에 따라 프로젝트 관리자(Project Manager, PM)들이 가져야 하는 주요지식으로 기존의 기술적 지식의 비중은 급격히 줄어든 반면, 의사소통 능력, 해외개발 인력관리, 소싱전략 등과 같은 관리에 대한 지식과 비즈니스 업무지식이 점차 중요해 지고 있음을 보여주고 있다. 한국의 해외 소성은 매우 초기 단계에 있지만 본 연구는 차제에 한국의 IT 인력 특히 PM 인력들이 갖추어야 하는 지식요건과 해외소성을 관리하기 위한 기술적 역량 등에 대한 방향을 제시하고 있다는 점에서 의의가 있다.

• 동아시아경상학회지
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.75-90
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• 2022

Purpose - This study aims to study the activation pattern of declining industries by applying the Gompertz growth model using available resources based on the theory of industrial life cycle, classifying declining industries among Korean manufacturing industries, and identifying resource input characteristics. Research design and methodology - This study was conducted by combining the Gompertz growth model that predicts the limit of output based on available resources under the industrial life cycle theory. Using Gompertz model, this study analyzed the life cycle of 39 Korean manufacturing industries from the perspective of domestic production, number of employees, and fixed assets Results - According to a life cycle analysis of 39 manufacturing industries in Korea, the computer, textile, and shoe industries were classified as declining industries. Among them, research on resource input characteristics on the shoe industry showed that domestic production and the number of employees decreased, while the proportion of domestic R&D personnel and the number of research departments gradually increased. Conclusion - Among the declining industries in Korea, the shoe industry is considered to revitalize the industry, that is, to extend the life of the declining industry by offshoring its production site and improving constitution with a "R&D center for global" support.

• 유통과학연구
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.35-43
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• 2015

Purpose - This study aims to seek various plans to maintain the advancement of the overseas and domestic employment scenario through a case analysis of the Japanese industry, which maintains domestic employment while promoting the overseas advancement of companies despite having a similar industrial structure as Korea. The study further intends to derive insightful implications for Japanese manufacturing companies and government policies. Research design, data, and methodology - We selected four companies from the Japanese manufacturing industry. Being companies that were successful in increasing the domestic employment scenario while advancing in overseas markets. We utilized several secondary data sources including Japanese newspapers and report literature. Results - Previous studies have shown a negative relationship between Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) or offshoring and domestic employment. However, our results showed this relationship with respect to the Japanese manufacturing industry as follows: 1. FDI for developing overseas markets does not decrease domestic production. If Japanese companies change their strategy from exports to overseas production, there will be a consequent decrease in domestic employment of Multinational Enterprises (MNEs). However, the local production that plans the sales expansion of a foreign market does not substitute domestic production. 2. Several case studies illustrate that, as the production of final goods is expanded in foreign countries, there is a corresponding increase in the export of intermediary goods from Japan. In this case, if the production process of Japanese companies is promoted in foreign markets, the amount of exported material and parts from Japan will consequently increase. 3. It is difficult to consider that the establishment of subsidiary companies in foreign countries by manufacturing companies for wholesale, retail, and services decreases domestic employment. This is because the international development of these industries needs expatriates, expatriate training organizations, and research and development (R&D) activities. 4. When there is overseas demand, the growth of local management activities is expected to increase the work of the overseas business department in the head office in Japan, if competitiveness can be secured for better localization and management speed. 5. The conversion of the domestic manufacturing industry into high value-added production is necessary. The relocation of domestic production to foreign markets decreases domestic employment. To prevent this, the upgradation of domestic production bases, including high value-added production, and R&D capability need to be strengthened. Technology-based companies must develop new technology, patents, processes, and so forth, which require extensive human resources for R&D. Conclusions - Domestic medium-sized companies that are capable of consistently supplying high value-added products should be actively encouraged to deploy into and develop overseas markets. Further, this paper considers the necessity of a guidance policy that provides suggestions for overseas deployment, by the initiation of the government, to companies that cannot do so due to the lack of foreign experience or decisions by the CEO, despite having the relevant capability and technologies to supply high value-added products.