• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.53
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• pp.135-153
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• 2012

Incoterms is a standard transaction terms and conditions which is established to provide goods delivery, cost and risks between the seller and the buyer as a principle concerned. Incoterms is made of international rules about regular uses of transaction terms and condition. It removes uncertainty of misunderstanding and applying rules, commercial customs and etc, between nations. Incoterms does not have an enforcement like an unified rules or an agreements established between different nations. Therefore, it is just considered as a standard formal terms and conditions from International Chamber of Commerce. For those reasons, validity of Incoterms applies only when parties of contract come to an agreement not by officially adopted or applied by law in each nation. Incoterms 2010 contains specific and clear articles which is fixed version of incoterms 2000, it has insufficient points on insurance contract article. Though, insurance contract belongs to sales contract, it sustains independence itself. It is difficult to sustain perfection until establishment of insurance contract and expiration by fixing the articles. As a result, it is necessary for sellers and buyers take a full responsibility of making complete insurance contract. This paper is written for those reasons in this filed.

• Food Science and Industry
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.79-82
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• 2010

• Publications of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.107-112
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• 2010

By joining the Giant Magellan Telescope (GMT) project, Korean astronomers will get 10% of the GMT time, starting in the late 2010s. To prepare the GMT era, it is important to evaluate the current observational research activities. We surveyed the research programs performed by domestic astronomers during 2007A - 2010A period, using optical/near - IR telescopes with a medium to large aperture mirror (larger than 4 m). We describe the method and criteria of the survey, and present the results of the analysis based on the collected data.

• Journal of Korean Library and Information Science Society
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.353-374
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• 2011

Analyzing research paper published from 2005 to 2010, this study aims for analysing the research paradigm on multi-culture and understanding the structural characteristics of the multicultural knowledge via scientometric. Co-word network constructed by keywords in documents and their co-occurrence relationships is a kind of mapping knowledge structure. A total of 4,521 and 1,373 papers published between 2005 and 2010 were retrieved from the KRF Registered Journals and Proposed Journals. This paper employs k-core analysis method in the field of mapping knowledge structure to analyze keyword co-occurrence network of multicultural research in Korea. And Netminer 3 is employed to visualize the networks in this paper.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.51
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• pp.3-54
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• 2011

The important and main purpose of revision of Incoterms rules are to adapt it to contemporary commercial practice in world trade, and to contribute to great service to foreign trade. Incoterms$^{(R)}$ 2010 revision basically focuses on trade terms to be used for any mode or modes of transport at compared Incoterms 2000 gouping in four basically different categories, and presents trade terms to be used for traditionally seaborn trade. Therefore the former is for trading in manufactured goods involved in containerization, the latter is for trading in community. This study focuses on a motive of revisions and main features of the Incoterms$^{(R)}$ 2010 rules, an outline, the problems and alternative of them. In conclusion, I would like present as follows; (1) Although they only concerned the models of delivery and critical point, they only say a few of the many factors of a sale contract, that is to say for the devision of fuctions, costs and risks between the contracting parties as supplement law, but the guestion of the legal position of Incoterms rules is various in different countries and scholars. in spite of that, it must focus on the practical application and the wide acceptance of Incoterms rules in world trade. (2) Although they present more simple and clear, unfricative, than Incoterms 2000 rules, in order to help users, the need to unify consistently and fully explanate in contents and expression. (3) Introduction and guidance note of Incoterms$^{(R)}$ 2010 rules basically focuses on the understanding of a motive of revisions as compared Incoterms 2000 rules. But it is well advised to do this on the assumption of understanding the various basic meaning of terms. (4) finally, trade concerned regulations take account of the reflection for the application to domestic and international trade according to formally reconization of availability for both trade.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Educational Facilities
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.17-26
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• 2007

This paper reviews KSG2010(Korean Industrial Standard for Student's Desk and Chair) compared to student's body size and suggests its new design guideline. It is found that the chairs are too high to sit straight up, and it is not easy to sit at student's ease because of backbone rest bar not existed in a right place. It is also found that the desks are too high to sit at desk to accept student legs under a drawer. So student's visibility range becomes decreased and it produces a harmful posture for eye protection. This paper also found that step number of student's desks and chairs needs to expand to 12 different steps inserted 5 steps between the existing 7 steps. A reason is that there is gap between the sizes of desk and chair and human height and width. Another reasons is that it is difficult to arrange desks and chairs appropriated to student body sizes in a class room.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.222-233
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• 2010

This paper aims at predicting the BDI from Jan. to Dec. 2010 using such econometric techniues of the univariate time series as stochastic ARIMA-type models and Hodrick-Prescott filtering technique. The multivariate cause-effect econometric model is not employed for not assuring a higher degree of forecasting accuracy than the univariate variable model. Such a cause-effect econometric model also fails in adjusting itself for the post-sample. This article introduces the two ARIMA models and five Intervention-ARIMA models. The monthly data cover the period January 2000 through December 2009. The out-of-sample forecasting performance is compared between the ARIMA-type models and the random walk model. Forecasting performance is measured by three summary statistics: root mean squared error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE) and mean error (ME). The RMSE and MAE indicate that the ARIMA-type models outperform the random walk model And the mean errors for all models are small in magnitude relative to the MAE's, indicating that all models don't have a tendency of overpredicting or underpredicting systematically in forecasting. The pessimistic ex-ante forecasts are expected to be 2,820 at the end of 2010 compared with the optimistic forecasts of 4,230.

• Journal of the Chungcheong Mathematical Society
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.741-748
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• 2010

Let R be a 2-torsionfree prime ring. Our goal in this note is to show that the existence of a nonzero Jordan higher left derivation on R implies R is commutative. This result is used to prove a noncommutative extension of the classical Singer-Wermer theorem in the sense of higher derivations.

• Journal of the Chungcheong Mathematical Society
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.251-256
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• 2010

In this article, we consider a minimal graph in $R^3$ which is bounded by a Jordan curve and a straight line. Suppose that the boundary is symmetric with the reflection under a plane, then we will prove that the minimal graph is itself symmetric under the reflection through the same plane.

• Progress in Superconductivity and Cryogenics
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.1-7
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• 2010

The pulse tube cooler as an alternative of Stirling, G-M or VM cooler to overcome the requirement from the various application fields is described. The necessity of the object oriented cooler development is explained to realize the cryocooler of more energy-efficient, more reliable, more compact and less expensive than what is currently available commercially.