• Animal Bioscience
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• 제36권8호
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• pp.1190-1198
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• 2023

Objective: To our knowledge, there are few studies on the correlation between internal structure of fermented products and nutrient delivery from by-products from coffee processing in the ruminant system. The objective of this project was to use advanced mid-infrared vibrational spectroscopic technique (ATR-FT/IR) to reveal interactive correlation between protein internal structure and ruminant-relevant protein and energy metabolic profiles of by-products from coffee processing affected by added-microorganism fermentation duration. Methods: The by-products from coffee processing were fermented using commercial fermentation product, called Saus Burger Pakan, consisting of various microorganisms: cellulolytic, lactic acid, amylolytic, proteolytic, and xylanolytic microbes, for 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. Protein chemical profiles, Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System crude protein and CHO subfractions, and ruminal degradation and intestinal digestion of protein were evaluated. The attenuated total reflectance-Ft/IR (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy was used to study protein structural features of spectra that were affected by added microorganism fermentation duration. The molecular spectral analyses were carried using OMNIC software. Molecular spectral analysis parameters in fermented and non-fermented by-products from coffee processing included: Amide I area (AIA), Amide II (AIIA) area, Amide I heigh (AIH), Amide II height (AIIH), α-helix height (αH), β-sheet height (βH), AIA to AIIA ratio, AIH to AIIH ratio, and αH to βH ratio. The relationship between protein structure spectral profiles of by-products from coffee processing and protein related metabolic features in ruminant were also investigated. Results: Fermentation decreased rumen degradable protein and increased rumen undegradable protein of by-products from coffee processing (p<0.05), indicating more protein entering from rumen to the small intestine for animal use. The fermentation duration significantly impacted (p<0.05) protein structure spectral features. Fermentation tended to increase (p<0.10) AIA and AIH as well as β-sheet height which all are significantly related to the protein level. Conclusion: Protein structure spectral profiles of by-product form coffee processing could be utilized as potential evaluators to estimate protein related chemical profile and protein metabolic characteristics in ruminant system.

• 한국전기전자재료학회논문지
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.36-42
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• 2024

롤투롤 공정은 제조 환경에서 필수적인 위치를 차지하고 있으며, 그 중요성은 수많은 산업에 걸쳐 반향을 일으키고 있다. 이 다목적 기술 플랫폼은 다양한 공정 방법을 포괄하고 광범위한 재료 범주를 수용하여 현대 생산의 초석이 되고 있다. 이 광범위한 영역에서 일반적으로 사용되는 두 가지 코팅 기술인 슬롯 다이와 그라비아 코팅 방식은 완벽한 코팅을 구현하는 정밀도와 효율성으로 각광받고 있다. 또한 건조 공정은 열 건조, 적외선(IR) 건조, 자외선(UV) 건조 방식에 크게 의존하여 재료를 액체 또는 반액체 상태에서 바로 사용할 수 있는 고체 제품으로 신속하게 전환한다. 롤투롤 공정의 중요성은 제조 공정을 간소화하고 비용을 절감하며 제품 품질을 향상시킬 수 있다는 점이 있다. 이 글에서는 이러한 일반적인 롤투롤 공정 방법의 복잡성에 대해 자세히 살펴봄으로써 이러한 중요성의 깊이를 파악하고자 한다. 엄격한 연구와 세심한 데이터 수집을 통해 이러한 기술이 다양한 산업을 형성하고 제조 세계를 발전시키는 데 중추적인 역할을 하는 것을 조명하고자 한다. 롤투롤 공정의 중요성을 이해함으로써 롤투롤 공정의 잠재력을 최대한 활용하고 생산 혁신과 우수성을 위한 기반을 마련할 수 있을 것이다.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.1241-1246
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• 2010

Ternary Cu/ZnO/$Al_2O_3$ catalysts were prepared by a co-precipitation method. The precursor structures were monitored during the aging. The first precipitate structure was amorphous georgeite, which transformed into the unknown crystalline structure. The transition crystalline structure was assigned to the crystalline georgeite, which was suggested with elemental analysis, IR and XRD. The final structure of precursors was malachite. The Cu surface area of the resulting Cu/ZnO/$Al_2O_3$ was maximized to be 30.6 $m^2$/g at the aging time of 36 h. The further aging rapidly decreased Cu surface areas of Cu/ZnO/$Al_2O_3$. ZnO characteristic peaks in oxide samples almost disappeared after 24 h aging, indicating that ZnO was dispersed in around bulk CuO. TOF of the prepared catalysts of the Cu surface area ranges from 13.0 to 30.6 $m^2/g_{cat}$ was to be 2.67 ${\pm}$ 0.27 mmol/$m^2$.h in methanol synthesis at the condition of $250^{\circ}C$, 50 atm and 12,000 mL/$g_{cat}$. h irrespective of the XRD and TPR patterns of CuO and ZnO structure in CuO/ZnO/$Al_2O_3$. The pH of the precipitate solution during the aging time can be maintained at 7 by $CO_2$ bubbling into the precipitate solution. Then, the decrease of Cu surface area by a long aging time can be prevented and minimize the aging time to get the highest Cu surface area.

• 마이크로전자및패키징학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.31-36
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• 2015

전자소자의 다기능, 고밀도, 고성능, 그리고 소형화는 전자 패키지 기술에 초미세 피치 플립 칩, 3D 패키지, 유연 패키지, 등 새로운 기술 패러다임 전환을 가져왔으며, 이로 인해 패키지 된 칩의 열 관리는 소자의 성능을 좌우하는 중요한 요소로 대두되고 있다. Heat sink, heat spreader, TIM, 열전 냉각기, 등 많은 소자 냉각 방법들 중 본 연구에서는 냉매를 이용한 on-chip 액체 냉각 모듈을 Si 웨이퍼에 제작하고, 마이크로 채널 디자인에 따른 냉각 효과를 분석하였다. 마이크로 채널은 딥 반응성 이온 에칭을 이용하여 형성하였고, 3 종류 디자인(straight MC, serpentine MC, zigzag MC)으로 제작하여 마이크로 채널 디자인이 냉각 효율에 미치는 영향을 관찰하였다. 가열온도 $200^{\circ}C$, 냉매 유동속도 150 ml/min의 경우에서 straight MC가 약 $44^{\circ}C$의 높은 냉각 전후의 온도 차를 보였다. 냉매의 흐름과 상 변화는 형광현미경으로 관찰하였으며, 냉각 전후의 온도 차는 적외선현미경을 이용하여 분석하였다.

• 천문학논총
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.317-319
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• 2017

We propose a cosmological survey to probe star formation and nuclear activity in galaxies at redshifts of z=2-4 by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) features using the SPICA mid-infrared instrument (SMI) with a spectral resolution of R=20. We will cover a wavelength range of $20-36{\mu}$ that corresponds to z=2-4 for the PAH features (11.3, 7.7, and $6.2{\mu}$). The sensitivity will be $1{\times}10^{-19}W/m^2(5{\sigma})$ in case of a reference survey that covers 4 arcmin2 field in a one-hour observation. It corresponds to $L_{IR}=2{\times}10^{11}L_{\odot}$ at z=3 and will give us more than 10000 galaxies in a 450 hour survey.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.36-45
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• 2006

Twenty isolates of Didymella bryoniae were isolated from infected cucurbit plants in various growing areas of southern Korea in 2001 and 2002. Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) group [RG] I of D. bryoniae was more virulent than RG IV to watermelon. Virulence of the RG I isolate was strong to moderate to cucumber, whereas that of the RG IV varied from strong, moderate to weak. Two hundred seventy-three amplified fragments were produced with 40 primers, and were analyzed by a cluster analysis using UPGMA method with an arithmetic average program of NTSYSPC. At the distance level of 0.7, two major genomic DNA RAPD groups were differentiated among 20 isolates. The RG I included 7 isolates from watermelon and one isolate from melon, whereas the RG IV included 12 isolates from squash, cucumber, watermelon and melon. Amplification of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and small subunit rRNA region from the 20 isolates yielded respectively a single fragment. Restriction pattern with 12 restriction enzymes was identical for all isolates tested, suggesting that variation in the ITS and small subunit within the D. bryoniae were low. Amplification of the genomic DNAs of the tested isolates with the sequence characterized amplified regions (SCAR) primer RG IF-RG IR specific for RG I group resulted in a single band of 650bp fragment for 8 isolates out of the 20 isolates. Therefore, these 8 isolates could be assigned into RG I. The same experiments done with RG IIF-RG IIR resulted in no amplified PCR product for the 20 isolates tested. An about 1.4 kb-fragment amplified from the RG IV isolates was specifically hybridized with PCR fragments amplified from genomic DNAs of the RG IV isolates only, suggesting that this PCR product could be used for discriminating the RG IV isolates from the RG I isolates as well other fungal species.

• 대한임상전기생리학회지
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.11-21
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• 2007

The purpose of this study were to investigate influence of heat stress temperature on sympathetic nerve activities. Subjects were 8 normal adults (4 men, 4 women, 21.36 years old). First sympathetic nerve activities were measured at the point that increase of core temperature stops at the state of applying normal thermic temperature (NIT; $34^{\circ}C$). After measurement, temperature of bathtub was increased to heat stress temperature (HST; $46^{\circ}C$) and sympathetic nerve activities were remeasured at the point that temperature increase stops. Sympathetic skin response (SSR) were analyzed using EMG, IR thermometer, and auto stethoscope. SSR latency showed significant differences at both palms by electrical stimulation to median nerve (p<.05). Electrical stimulation to forehead showed significant difference at left palm (p<.05) and electrical stimulation to navel showed significant difference at right palm (p<.05). Median nerve in changes of SSR amplitude showed significant differences at both palms in HST (p<.01). Electrical stimulation to navel showed significant difference at left palm (p<.05). Ts of forehead and xiphoid process showed significant differences (p<0.01). Tc of oral (p<0.05) and inner ear (p<0.01) showed significant differences. Pulse rate showed significant difference (<0.05). This study showed that immersion in HST had significant decrease of excitability in sympathetic nervous system compared to immersion in NTT.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.19-32
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• 1990

Lipid levels in the tissues of liver and intestines of O.bartrami amounted to 40.0% and 1.5%. The new compounds was found to be ethyl acylates, from a deduction of their detailed $^1H-nuclear$ magnetic resonance(NMR) and $^{13}C-NMR$ as well as infra red spectra (IR). The fatty acid composition of total lipids were mainly composed of C16:0(19.0%), C18:1(16.2%) and $C22:6{\omega}3$(15.7%), followed by C20:1(9.4%), C22:1(6.4%) and C18:0(5.4%). New compound A and B were seemed to derived from the cleavage of glycerol moieties of triglycerides by microbial activities during storage in a frozen state. Compound A contained C16:0(38.2%), C18:1(13:4%), C20:1(13.3%) and C22:1(11.7%) as major components, while compound B predominantly comprised polyunsaturated fatty acid such as $C20:5{\omega}3$ (41.2%) and $C22:6{\omega}3$(36.1%). In both compounds small amounts of odd numbered fatty acids were also detected ($3.8{\sim}2.2%$).

• 한국정보과학회논문지:데이타베이스
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.247-253
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• 2009

지난 십 년간 랭킹은 데이터 마이닝 분야의 활발한 연구분야였다. 그러나 랭킹은 다른 데이터 마이닝 기법들과 비슷하게 RDBMS와는 독립적으로 개발되었고, 그로 인해 기존에 널리 사용되고 있는 RDBMS들과의 연동성이 떨어진다는 단점이 존재하게 되었다. 다른 데이터 마이닝 기법들은 소결합이나 밀결합 접근법을 이용하여 RDBMS와 연동하기 위한 연구가 활발하게 진행되어 왔고, 그 결과 실제로 사용 가능한 응용시스템들이 나오게 되었다. 그러나 랭킹에서는 이와 같은 노력들이 잘 이루어지지 않고 있다. 본 논문에서는 랭킹 작업을 RDBMS에 연동하여 효율적으로 수행하기 위하여 MySQL에 Ranking SVM을 통합하는 작업을 진행하였다. 밀결합 접근법을 기반으로 하는 우리의 구현은 MySQL에 랭킹을 위한 새로운 SQL 명령어를 추가하였고 랭킹 작업의 효율성을 확인하기 위해서 소결합 접근법을 기반으로 하는 Ranking SVM과 성능을 비교 평가하여 훈련단계에서 $10{\sim}40%$, 예측단계에서 평균 60%의 성능향상을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 한국광학회지
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.134-141
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• 1998

원적외선인 7.6$\mu$m 과정대역에서 회절한계 성는을 만족하는 무초점 줌 망원경 광학계응 설계하였다. 기계보정식 4군 줌 방식을 적용하여 줌 대물부 설계하였으며 접안부는 고정초점 렌즈를 구성하였다. 망원경의 줌 비(zoom ratio)는 4.05로 배율을 2.0배에서 8.1배까지 연속적으로 가변할수 있으며, 총 5개의 렌즈군에 9매의 렌즈로 구성하였다. 줌 대물부는 F/1.3의 텔리포트 형태로 설계하여 최고배율 초점거리에 비해 광학계의 길이가 작아 시스템 적용성이 우수하도록 하였으며, 초점조절 렌즈를 줌밍 렌즈군의 뒤에 놓아 물체까지의 거리에 따라 초점을 조절하도록 설계하였다. 광학계에 사용된 재질은 색수차 보정을 위하여 대물부의 렌즈 1매만 ZnSe를 적용하고 나머지 헨즈는 모두 Ge을 적용하여\ulcorner며, 총 18면의 곡률중 1면만 비구면을 적용하고 나머지 면은 모주 구면을 적용하였다. 설계된 망원경의 8.1배율에서의 시야는 $\pm$2.31$^{\circ}$,대물부 유효구경은 163mm이며, 모든 배율에서 회절한계 성능을 만족하는 것으로 평가하였다.