• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.109-119
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• 2017

As advancement into global markets becomes increasingly important, there are increasing interests in high-tech companies' export. This study is an empirical investigation of the determinants of high-tech companies' export in the Daegu region seen from a resource-based perspective with focuses on organizational resources and innovative capabilities. The empirical analysis revealed that the export determinants hold truer for high-tech companies compared to companies overall, and that high-tech companies' key export determinants include organizational age as a organizational resource and international intellectual property rights (IPRs) as an innovative capability. In this sense, policies to promote high-tech companies' export should be designed to support high-tech companies that have a relatively longer history and international IPRs. The results also suggest that in the working level high-tech companies should establish their internal capabilities from a resource-based perspective, for example history and experience in their fields and international IPRs, rather than trying to target global markets from the beginning as born-global companies do.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.118-128
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• 2019

Purpose - This paper examines the international R&D contest in which the extent of intellectual property right (IPR) affects both the size of prize for the winning firm and the extent of positive spillover through cost of firms. Recognizing the possibility of incomplete protection of IPR, the present paper analyzes the effect of changes in the extent of IPR on payoffs to firms and social welfare. Design/methodology - This paper examines coordination of IPRs by countries in economic integration. The paper then develops a general model of international R&D contest with incomplete protection of IPR. An increase in the extent of IPR augments the share of the prize the winning firm can appropriate, while decreasing the positive cost externality. To derive sharper results, the paper considers the cases of linear and fixed spillovers. Findings - Under plausible assumptions, an increase in the IPR augments the payoff to each firm and the aggregate payoffs as well. The paper also shows that the number of firms participating in the R&D contest can be endogenously determined in the two-stage R&D contest. The higher the extent of cost spillover, and the larger the effective prize, the more firms participate in the international R&D contest. Originality/value - Existing studies assume that firms winning the R&D contest enjoy perfect IPR to the output of their R&D activities. This is a very restrictive assumption in that other firms can copy the new products or processes. By allowing for the incompleteness of the IPR, the present paper develops a more realistic model of R&D contest. The novelty of the present paper is to allow for the possibility that the higher extent of IPR increases the prize and decreases positive cost externality at the same time. The findings of the present paper can serve as a basis for government policy toward R&D activities of firms and protection of IPRs.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.717-725
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• 1996

We have developed an efficient immobilized cell separator for continuous operation of immobilized fungal cell cultures, and applied this separator to actual fermentation process for the production of cyclosporin A (CyA), a powerful immunosuppressant. In the experiments employing highly viscous polymer (carboxymethyl cellulose) solution, the decantor showed good separating performances at high solution viscosites and fast dilution rates. Air duct and cylindrical separator installed inside the decantor turned out to play key roles for the efficient separation of the immobilized cells. By installing the decantor in an immobilized perfusion reactor system (IPRS), continuous immobilized culture was stably carried out even at high dilution rate for a long period, leading to high productivities of free cells and CyA. Almost no immobilized biomass existed in effuluent stream of the IPRS, demonstrating the effectiveness of the decan- tor system for a long-term continuous fermentation. It was noteworthy that we could obtain these results despite of the unfavorable fermentation conditions, i.e., reduced density of the biosupports caused by overgrowth of cells inside the bead particles and existence of high density of suspended fungal cells (10g/l) in the fermentation broth.

• 한국벤처창업학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2007.04a
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• pp.203-226
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• 2007

The purpose of this research is to analyze the impact of business scope and technological innovation capability(TIC) on firm performance in SMEs. Among the 1,077 SME sample data collected with the help of Korean Industrial Complex Corporation, 228 sample data from capital goods sectors had been selected and analyzed. Several mutiple regression models were developed to test the main and the interaction effects of two independent variables business scope and TIC on SME performance. The empirical analysis show that the number of product lines, one of the two scope variable measured, is positively correlated with the return on sales(ROS). Among the variable of TIC, the number of intellectual property rights(IPRs) is positively correlated with the sales growth rates of SMEs, which the ratio of engineers to total employees is positively correlated with the ROS of SMEs. The results also delineated some interaction effects of business scope and TIC on SME performance. There exists a positive interaction effect of the ratio of engineers to total employees and the number of product lines both on ROS and scales growth rate. The interaction of the number of customers and the number of IPRs positively effects on ROS, and also the interaction of the number of product lines and the number of IPRs are positively related with ROS. Findings of this research indicates that it is necessary for SMEs in capital goods sectors to accumulate technological innovation capability and to expand business scope to improve firm performance. Furthermore, the accumulation of internal TIC should accommodate with the expansion of business scope to gain an improved performance. Particularly, adequate technological innovation capability is required to address the need of expanded customers when enlarging the scope of customers.

• Electronics and Telecommunications Trends
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• v.16 no.3 s.69
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• pp.23-31
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• 2001

현재의 디지털산업 하에서 MPEG-2 기술에 의한 주요한 핵심사업으로 부상한 디지털 TV의 현황과 디지털 TV와 MPEG-2와의 관계, 지적재산권 효과를 살펴보았다. MPEG-2는 MPEG LA라는 강력한 특허풀을 통해 지적재산권 체계를 운영하고 있는데, MPEG-2의 대표적인 어플리케이션이라고 할 수 있는 디지털 TV의 지적재산권 효과를 MPEG LA의 라이센싱 체계에 기준하여 분석하였다.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.319-331
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• 2023

Aminoglycoside antibiotics, also known as aminoglycosides (AGs), are veterinary drugs effective against a wide range of gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Owing to their recent use in cultured meats, it has become essential to establish an analytical method for safety management. AGs are highly polar compounds, and ion-pair reagents (IPRs) are used to ensure component separation. Owing to the high possibility of potential mechanical problems resulting from IPR addition to the mobile phase, an analytical method in which IPRs are added directly to the vial was explored. In this study, methods for analyzing 10 AGs via liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) with the addition of two IPRs were validated for selectivity, detection limit, quantitation limit, recovery, and precision. The detection limit was 0.0001-0.0038 mg/kg, the quantification limit was 0.004-0.011 mg/kg, and the linearity (R²) within the concentration range of 0.01-0.5 mg/kg was over 0.99. Recovery and precision (expressed as relative standard deviation) evaluated in the two matrices (beef and cell culture media) ranged from 70.7% to 120.6% and 0.2% to 24.7%, respectively. The validated AG analytical method was then applied to 15 meats prepared from chicken, beef, and pork, and 6 culture media and additives used in cultured meat. No AGs were detected in any of the 15 meats distributed in Korea; however, streptomycin and dihydrostreptomycin were detected at levels ranging from 695.85 to 1152.71 mg/kg and 6.35 to 11.11 mg/kg, respectively, in the culture media additives. The LC-MS/MS method coupled with direct addition of IPRs to the vial can provide useful basic data for AG analysis and safety evaluation of meats as well as culture media and additives for cultured meats.

• Journal of Technology Innovation
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.219-240
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• 2004

As Shapiro and Varian argue the open approach generates bandwagon effects and facilitates the diffusion of a standard thanks to network externalities. However, the open approach is not linked automatically to economic benefits as suggested by some famous cases as the IBM PC history. On the contrary, the closed approach enables a tight control over a technology and its development, and insures the appropriation of economic benefits. As Shapiro and Varian suggest, a firm can also decide to mix an open approach with tight control over improvement or extentions. Patent pool is to offer fair, reasonable, nondiscriminatory access under a single license to patents that are essential for the use of standards-based or other platform technologies. patent pool offers only one license to everyone, Since each patent is essential, the royalty rate and thus the value is the same whether a licensee uses one or more patents.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.13
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• pp.805-833
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• 2000

Electronic commerce facilitates trade and lower transaction cost can help firms make use of the opportunities of globalization of production and markets. Electronic commerce has broad implications for future trade. These implications include the effect on trade policy making and enforcement. And it is important to ensure that the present and future trading system de jure and de facto allows electronic commerce to realize its potentials as an alternative or a complement to conventional trade. The comprehensive work program had been implemented to examine all trade-related issues relating to global electronic commerce before the Seattle 3rd Ministerial Conference which was suspended. In general, Member countries recognized the need to ensure that electronic commerce in all its forms is conducted in full conformity with WTO principles and rules. But, there are still major issues to be solved such as access to relevant electronic systems, competition policy in telecomnunications services, WTO provisions relating to the protection of IPRs, the clarification of a number of key concepts and definitions, etc.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.26 no.7A
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• pp.1284-1289
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• 2001

The characteristics of the intellectual property right(IPR) conflict with standardization. This is because standardization aims to achieve the common use of technology while IPRs aim to protect the proprietary right on technology. The license to use IPR should be granted so that standards can be used without an infringement. IPR policies have common characteristics in most parts of their contents and also different application methodologies. The ultimate object of IPR policy is to receive license grant. In this paper, significant typical IPR policies of main standardization organizations are comparatively analyzed. The overall objective of the IPR policy is to make strategic environment for license grant. IPR disclosure becomes the best practice to acquire license grant. With this practice, the action to licensing refusal becomes one of the main strategic factors of IPR policies.

• East Asian Economic Review
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.139-154
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• 2012

This paper provides a theoretical setup for an analysis of strategic relationships inherent to activities of an innovative multinational enterprise (MNE) and a local company in a host country. Additionally, we explore the incentives of the host country's government to provide subsidies to attract foreign direct investment (FDI) and to protect outcomes of R&D activities conducted by the MNE. We show that the MNE's commercial interests may collide with local companies' over protection of IPRs. Therefore, the extent of knowledge spillovers from the MNE to the local company and the magnitude of incentives to the MNE perform a crucial function in determining the optimal policy mix of IPR protection and FDI subsidies of the host country's government.