• Asian Journal of Innovation and Policy
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.438-456
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• 2018

This study aims to understand the importance of commercialization of research and development projects and examines key factors that allow successful technology transfer and commercialization. Given the characteristics of the railway research project, and assuming that R&D input factors would vary depending on the technology readiness level and the degree of research convergence, this study analyzes the moderating effect of each R&D input factor on technology transfer and commercialization to determine their eventual impact. Through this study, it was found that it was necessary to proceed to technology transfer and commercialization of the national research and development projects via strategic workforce composition and allocation of research funding given the subjects and development goals of R&D projects.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.638-644
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• 2022

Probiotics modulate the gut microbiota, which in turn regulate immune responses to maintain balanced immune homeostasis in the host. However, it is unclear how probiotic bacteria regulate immune responses. In this study we investigated the immunomodulatory effects of heat-killed probiotics, including Lactiplantibacillus plantarum KC3 (LP3), Lactiplantibacillus plantarum CKDB008 (LP8), and Limosilactobacillus fermentum SRK414 (LF4), via phagocytosis, nitric oxide (NO), and pro-inflammatory cytokine production in macrophages. We thus found that heat-killed LP8 could promote the clearance of foreign pathogens by enhancing the phagocytosis of macrophages. Treatment with heat-killed LP8 induced the production of NO and pro-inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β. In addition, heat-killed LP8 suppressed the production of NO and cytokines in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells, suggesting that heat-killed LP8 exerts immunomodulatory effects depending on the host condition. In sum, these results indicate that heat-killed LP8 possesses the potential for immune modulation while providing a molecular basis for the development of functional probiotics prepared from inactivated bacterial cells.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.404-408
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• 1998

Using a reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography, the separation of 20(S)-, 20(R)-prosapogenin stereo-isomers of ginsenoside-$Rg_2$ and of ginsenoside-$Rg_3$ in ginseng saponins has been carried out with binary solvent system. The optimum conditions for the isomer separation are as following: Nova-$Pak^{(R)}C_{18}$ (Waters, $3.9{\times}150mm$) column, $CH_3CN/CH_3CN$ (100:8, v/v) binary solvent system and the flow rate was 1.7 mL/min. The stereoisomers were separated with change of the mixture ratio of the solvent system, the solvent elution by gradient program, and then detected at 203 nm of UV detector. The simultaneous separation of mixture that were the $Rg_2$, $Rg_3$ isomers was easily performed in nonpolar solvent for $Rg_2$, polar solvent for $Rg_3$ at the same optimum conditions.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.49-54
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• 1999

Ko, Lim found some differences in the concentrations of bone resorptive cytokines, especially IL-$1{\alpha}$ and IL-$1{\beta}$ in periapical lesions and inflamed pulps. And they suppose that these differences may be due to the type of cells which produce each cytokine. The purpose of this study was to analyze the human odontogenic cysts & cystic fluid for their contents of IL-$1{\alpha}$, IL-$1{\beta}$ and TNF-$1{\alpha}$ and to compare the concentrations of each cytokine according to the cytokine producing cells. The cystic tissues used in this experiment, were obtained from periapical surgery or cyst enucleation surgery. Cystic fluid was obtained from root canal during routine endodontic therapy(n=5). Cystic tissues were subdivided into two groups, inflammatory radicular cyst group(n=15) and developmental odontogenic keratocyst group(n=3). Normal periapical tissues of extracted third molar(n=5) were also obtained to be used as control group. Each specimen was incubated in 0.5ml homogenizing buffer (0.1mol/L potassium chloride, 0.02mol/L TRIS;pH=7.6) for two hours and then homogenized with glass homogenizer. Each specimen was centrifuged in a microcentrifuge for 3 minutes, and supernatants were extracted. The concentrations of cytokines were measured with R&D ELISA kit. The data were analyzed by Mann-Whitney U test for the differences among the diseases and t test for the correlations among each cytokine. Following results were obtained ; 1. For IL-$1{\alpha}$ and IL-$1{\beta}$, all experimental groups showed significantly higher concentrations of each cytokine than the control group (p<0.05). 2. In radicular cysts, the concentrations of IL-$1{\alpha}$ were higher than IL-$1{\beta}$, but not stastically significant (p>0.05). In odontogenic keratocysts, the concentrations of IL-$1{\alpha}$ were significantly higher than IL-$1{\beta}$ (p<0.05). In cystic fluid, the concentration of IL-$1{\beta}$ was significantly higher than IL-$1{\alpha}$ (p<0.05). 3. Between odontogenic keratocysts and radicular cysts, the concentrations of IL-$1{\alpha}$ were significantly higher in odontogenic keratocysts than in radicular cysts (p<0.05). 4. For TNF-${\alpha}$, only cystic fluid group showed significantly higher concentrations than the control group (p<0.05).

• Journal of Convergence for Information Technology
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.232-238
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• 2020

This study evaluated the anti-aging activity with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and moisture activity of Ganoderma lucidum spore oil(GLS). GLS increased DPPH radical scavenging activity in a dose-dependent manners. Anti-inflammatory assay measured the inhibitory effect of GLS on NO, TNF-α and IL-6 production in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. As a result GLS inhibited NO and pro-inflammatory cytokine, TNF-α, IL-6 production. Also using human fibroblast cell to the procollagen production analysis and COL1A1 mRNA expression level analysis for defining, and for AQP-3 mRNA expression level analysis, used human keratinocyte cell. GLS increased procollagen production and COL1A1, AQP-3 mRNA expression. Our results suggest that the GLS have potential anti-inflammatory and wrinkle improves, skin moisture effect.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.39-47
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• 2019

Galgeun-tang (GGT) is a traditional herbal medicine generally used to treat cold, fever, headache, migraine and convulsion. To investigate the difference of ingredient and efficacy of GGT according to production method, mix extract powder and decoction, the quantities of index components, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of two kinds of GGT formulation were compared. The contents of ten index components were simultaneously analyzed with HPLC. A HPLC method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination. The GGT mix extract powder contained higher puerarin and daidzin content than the decoction, while the GGT decoction contained higher cinnamic acid and glycyrrhizic acid content than the mix extract powder. But ingredient of GGT mix extract powder and decoction was statistically very similar (r=0.8335). GGT decoction showed higher antioxidant effect than GGT mix extract powder, but the difference was low. The patterns of productions for NO, iNOS, COX-2, TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-$1{\beta}$ and IL-6 were decreased along the increasing dose of GGT formulation in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages. The inhibitory effects on NO, iNOS, COX-2, IL-$1{\beta}$ and IL-6 in Raw 264.7 cell were very similar to each other. The results obtained in this study could be used as fundamental data for verifying the equivalence and effectiveness of the herbal medicines.

• Korean Journal of Crystallography
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.14-18
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• 1990

Econazole nitrate, 1-{2-[(4-chlorophenyl)methoxy]-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl) ethy1}-1H-imidazole mono-nitrate.C18 H16 CI13 N3 O4 Mw=444.7 Monoclinic P/2₁c,a=17.337(4)A, b=15.191(5), c=7.601(3)A, β=91.72(2)', V=2000.9A3, Z=4, Dc=1.49g/cm3, Dm=1.45g/cm3(mo-ka)= 0.7107A, μ=4.31cm-1, F(000)=912.0, T=298'K, final R=0.061 for 1330 unique observed reflection. Each of the three ring system for the stars with B,A and C ring in order whilst A and C ring of econazole lie close to the same plane which is nearly 60˚with B ring. The hydrogen binding nitrogen of C ring and oxygen of nitrate contributes to stailization of econazole nitrate. Intr and intermolecular distances and angles are within the values recorded for simiar compounds.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• v.26 no.7
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• pp.19-42
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• 2022

Purpose - This study investigates the effects of foreign investor ownership on firm innovation and the different stages of the firm innovation process for business group affiliation (affiliated firms) and nonaffiliated firms. Design/methodology - Research and development (R&D) intensity is used as a proxy for firm innovation. We use a sample of 7,655 firm-year observations of Korean listed firms from 2001 to 2015. To identify the distinct features of business group affiliation and how foreign investor ownership affects firm innovation, we divide the sample into affiliated and non-affiliated firms. Moreover, we classify total R&D expenditures as research and development expenditures. Findings - This study finds a positive relationship between foreign investor ownership and innovation in non-affiliated firms. However, the foreign investor ownership's role in facilitating firm innovation does not influence business group affiliation. Moreover, the results show that foreign investor ownership encourages firms to increase research expenditures, which is the amount spent in the early stages of a firm's R&D process. Originality/value - Existing studies have overlooked the distinct features of business group affiliation and the different characteristics of research and development expenditures. Thus, this study considers the distinct features of business group affiliation and investigates how foreign investor ownership affects different stages of R&D activities.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.237-241
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• 2015

To develop a new anti-inflammation agent for cosmetics, we investigated the anti-inflammatory activity of Fallopia sachalinensis RonseDecr. fruit extracts (FSR). FSR inhibited the pre-inflammatory cytokines ($1L-1{\beta}$, IL-6, TNF-${\alpha}$) and reduced NO production of RAW 264.7 macrophage cells in a dose-dependent manner and decreased the activity to about 51% at a concentration of $100{\mu}g/mL$. FSR suppressed not only the mRNA expression of iNOS and COX-2, but also the protein expression of iNOS and COX-2 in macrophage. The results suggested that FSR has considerable potential as a cosmetics ingredient with an anti-inflammatory effect.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.72-80
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• 2022

In this study, the survival capacity (acid and bile salt tolerance, and adhesion to gut epithelial cells) and probiotic properties (enzyme activity-inhibition and anti-inflammatory activities, inhibition of adipogenesis, and stress hormone level reduction) of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum LRCC5314, isolated from kimchi (Korean traditional fermented cabbage), were investigated. LRCC5314 exhibited very stable survival at ph 2.0 and in 0.2% bile acid with 89.9% adhesion to Caco-2 intestinal epithelial cells after treatment for 2 h. LRCC5314 also inhibited the activities of α-amylase and α-glucosidase, which are involved in elevating postprandial blood glucose levels, by approximately 72.9% and 51.2%, respectively. Treatment of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells with the LRCC5314 lysate decreased the levels of the inflammatory factors nitric oxide, tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, and interferon-γ by 88.5%, 49.3%, 97.2%, and 99.8%, respectively, relative to those of the cells treated with LPS alone. LRCC5314 also inhibited adipogenesis in differentiating preadipocytes (3T3-L1 cells), showing a 14.7% decrease in lipid droplet levels and a 74.0% decrease in triglyceride levels, as well as distinct reductions in the mRNA expression levels of adiponectin, FAS, PPAR/γ, C/EBPα, TNF-α, and IL-6. Moreover, LRCC5314 reduced the level of cortisol, a hormone with important effect on stress, by approximately 35.6% in H295R cells. L. plantarum LRCC5314 is identified as a new probiotic with excellent in vitro multifunctional properties. Subsequent in vivo studies may further demonstrate its potential as a functional food or pharmabiotic.