• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.22-28
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• 2010

To evaluate the potential value of $^1H$ Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) for detecting and characterizing invasive ductal carcinoma of breast. We conducted $^1H$ Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), using a 3.0T MR scanner, on 40 patients who were histologically diagnosed to have invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC); tumor areas of the patients were designated as experimental samples, and non-tumor areas as control samples. The peak at 3.2 ppm is characteristically intense and observed in 34 cases of the total 40 invasive ductal carcinoma (sensitivity 86.2%; specificity 100%; positive predictive value 100%; negative predictive value 60%). In constrast peak at 1.3 ppm is characteristically intense and observed in normal breast (sensitivity 86.2%; specificity 100%; positive predictive value 100%; negative predictive value 60%). The study shows that $^1H$ MRS can effectively discriminate invasive ductal carcinoma from normal breast in most cases. It also demonstrates the feasibility of localized in vivo $^1H$ MRS technique as a new diagnostic modality in the detection of breast tumor.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.759-765
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• 2016

Background: Breast cancer is the most frequent cancer of women in Pakistan with the majority presenting with stage III or IV lesionsat initial diagnosis. Patient and health system related factors are well known determinants of delay in presentation and diagnosis. Additionally, breast cancer being a heterogeneous disease, the various molecular subtypes featuring different aggressiveness also need to be considered. The present study evaluated the association of stage at initial diagnosis of breast cancer with these two factors in local women at a tertiary level health care facility in Lahore, Pakistan. Materials and Methods: Patient and tumor features were recorded separately during diagnostic workup in Breast Clinics at INMOL and at Services Hospital, Lahore. Data were entered in MS Excel and analyzed by descriptive statistics and Chi-Square test. Results: Among the 261 patients, 64% were staged as late breast cancer (LBC), the mean age was 46.8 with standard deviation of 13 years. Some 92% had invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC), 61% had luminal types (LT) of non-aggressive tumor while 39% had the non-luminal types (NLT) of of HER2-enriched or basal aggressive tumors. While 70% of patients presented within one year of symptomatic disease (early report group "ERG"), 30% reported after a mean delay of 4 years with a standard deviation of 3.75 years. The stage distribution among ERG patients was not statistically different from those reporting late (P=0.123). Statistically larger proportion of patients with NLT presented as LBC as compared to the LT (P =0.034). Among the ERG, statistically different stage distribution of disease was observed for the NLT versus LT (P=0.047). Among those presenting late, this difference was insignificant (P=0.416). Conclusions: Breast cancer is a distinct disease in Pakistan with a high frequency of aggressive molecular types affecting younger women, with the majority presenting as LBC. Association of NLT with higher stage at diagnosis is statistically significant whereas time delay in diagnosis is not. Further research is required to define the risk profile and features in local patients. The burden of LBC can be reduced by promoting breast health awareness and by establishing easily accessible dedicated breast care set ups in the hospitals.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.191-210
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• 2009

Internet was first designed only for sending data, but as the time passed, internet started to evolve into a broadband multi-media web that is capable of transmitting sound, video, high-capacity data and more due to the demands of internet users and the rapid changing internet-communication technology. Domestically, in January, 2000 Saerom C&T, launched a free VoIP, but due to limited ways of conversation(PC to PC) and absence of a revenue model, and bad speech quality, it had hit it's growth limit. This research studied VoIP based on technological enhancement in super-speed internet. According to IDC, domestic internet market's size was 80,800 million in 2008, and it formed a percentage of 12.5% out of the whole sound-communication market. in case of VoIP, it is able to maximize it's profit by connecting cable and wireless network, also it has a chance of becoming firm-concentrated monopoly market by fusing with IPTV. Considering the fact that our country is insignificant in MVNO revitalization, regulating organizations will play a significant roll on regulating profit between large and small businesses. Further research should be done to give VoIP a secure footing to prosper and become popularized.

• Information Systems Review
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.147-167
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• 2009

As global climate changes, the interest in environmental crisis is increasing and a number of international agreements and regulations against this crisis are being established. Global information technology(IT) corporations are building their own pro-environmental green IT strategies to cope with the regulatory measures. Green IT broadly refers to pro-environmental technologies designed to replace hazardous materials, maximize energy effectivity, and find alternative energies. In the current stage of the IT industry development, Green IT specifically refers to the technologies that deal with the server heat generation and the energy reduction in data center. This study defines the concept of Green IT and reviews its origin and necessity. Then, it examines the issues regarding Green IT industry in Korea as well as other countries and compares the Green IT strategies developed in each country. Reviewing the recent development of IT and data center market enables us to see that overall Green IT strategies focus on the establishment of Green Internet Data Centers. Therefore, this study analyzes the cases in which some domestic and foreign corporations introduced Green Data Centers in order to examine the protocol and legal requirements for building Green IT, the aspects of environmental evaluation and design, and specific strategies for launching Green IT strategies and its future assignments. The conclusions of this study are as follows. First, to introduce Green Data Center as a strategy to build Green IT, the government and corporations should cooperate with each other. Partial introduction at the initial stage is desirable because, through the process, mutual trust between the two parties can be built more smoothly. Second, CEO's determination to build Green IT and continue its operation is indispensable. CEO's are required to have clear understanding as to why Green IT needs to be built and how it should be constructed. Those who initiate the construction of Green Data Center for Green IT need to know the definition and necessity of Green IT while at the same time understanding the implicit meanings of Green IT. They also need to be aware of future-oriented values of Green Data Center and readjust their corporate business activities in the pro-environmental direction. Finally, not only the CEOs' pro-environmental activities but also the change of mind on the part of all corporate employees is required to realize Green IT. It should be remembered that pro-environmental Green IT starts with minor activities.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.1215-1219
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• 2016

Background: Worldwide, breast cancer is the most common cancer among women and is a leading cause of cancer death. In the present study, we investigated the NQO1 C609T genotypic and allelic distribution in north Indian breast cancer patients. Materials and Methods: The genotypic distribution of the NQ01 C609T polymorphism was assessed in 100 invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) breast cancer patients and 100 healthy controls using allele specific PCR (AS-PCR). Results: A lower frequency of the CC genotype was found in breast cancer patients (24%) than in the controls. On the other hand, TT genotype frequency was also found to be higher in female healthy controls (32%) than the female breast cancer patients (20%). The frequencies of all three genotypes CC, CT, TT in patients were 24%, 56% and 20% and in healthy controls 50%, 22% and 32% respectively. We did not find any significant correlation between the NQO1 C609T polymorphism and age group, grading, menopausal status and distant metastasis. A less significant association was found between the NQ01 C609T polymorphism and the stage of breast cancer (X2=5.931, P=0.05). Conclusions: The present study shows a strong association between NQO1 C609T polymorphism with the breast cancer risk in the north Indian breast cancer patients so that possible use as a risk factor should be further expel.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.43-51
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• 2014

Purpose : To review MR imaging finding of papillary lesion identified as additional suspicious lesion on MR image in women with biopsy-proven breast cancer and to evaluate upgrading rates after subsequent surgical histopathological diagnosis. Materials and Methods: Among 1729 preoperative MR image of women with biopsy proven breast cancer, US-guided CNB-proven 22 papillary lesions from 21 patients, which showed additional suspicious contrast enhancement other than index cancer on MR image, were subjected to the study. Some of these lesions underwent surgery, thus the comparisons between the histopathologic results were able to be compared to the results of US-guided CNB. Also retrospective analysis was done for MR findings of these lesions by BI-RADS MRI lexicon. Results: On MR imaging, 8 mass lesions, 7 non-mass lesions, 7 focus lesions were detected. All of the focus lesion (100%, 7/7) was diagnosed as benign lesion and showed plateau and washout pattern in dynamic MR image. After excisional biopsy, one of 9 benign papilloma (11.1%), 3 of 3 papillary neoplasm with atypia component (100%), 3 of 5 papillary neoplasm (60%) were upgraded to malignancy such as ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC), invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC). Conclusion: The MR images of papillary lesions diagnosed by US-guided CNB exhibit no significant differences between malignancy and benign lesion. Also 41.2% of the lesion (7/17) was upgraded after subsequent surgery. Thus all of the papillary lesions require excisional biopsy for definite diagnosis and the MR imaging, it's just not enough by itself.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.12 no.9
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• pp.4068-4074
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine the usefulness of MR Breast perfusion image and time-signal intensity curve in patients diagnosed with breast cancer. We selected on 20 patients who were histologically diagnosed to have invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) from March 2009 to December 2010. First, the Breast perfusion mapping image was reconstructed after obtaining the dynamic contrast enhancement image. The reconstructed image measured the slope, maximal relative enhancement, and time to peak on the detail including the lesion region, normal region, back ground region after obtaining the time-signal intensity curve. The lesion region and normal and slope of the back ground part were measured with the quantitive analytical method about the research and the average was compared and was analyze. In the qualitative analysis, the signal strength of each pixel was analyze with the macroscopic and being high it was low, the medium (2) performed the division of (a) by the three-point standard and the average was measured. The findings from the quantitative image analysis are the following: In the lesion region, the slope and maximal relative enhancement were the highestest among and the time to peak was the highestest in the back ground region. In the qualitative analysis, the breast perfusion image showed a diagnostic efficiency.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.755-762
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to compare the FA(faractional anisotropy) and ADC(apparent diffusion coefficient) values, which were derived from diffusion tensor imaging in breast cancer patients. The diffusion gradient used in this study was derived from quantitative diffusion indices using 20 directions(b-value, 0 and $1,000s/mm^2$). Quantitative analysis was analyzed using Pearson's correction and qualitative analysis using for correction coefficients. As a result, $FA_{min}$, $FA_{mean}$ and $FA_{max}$ were $0.098{\pm}0.065$, $0.302{\pm}0.142$ and $0.634{\pm}0.236$, respectively(p > 0.05). The $ADC_{min}$, $ADC_{mean}$ and $ADC_{max}$ were $0.741{\pm}0.403$, $1.095{\pm}0.394$ and $1.530{\pm}0.447$, respectively(p > 0.05). The $FA_{min}$, $FA_{mean}$, and $FA_{max}$ mean values were $0.132{\pm}0.050$, $0.418{\pm}0.094$, and $0.770{\pm}0.164$ for Category 6 and Kinetic Curve Pattern III, respectively. $ADC_{min}$, $ADC_{mean}$, and $ADC_{max}$ were $0.753{\pm}0.189$, $1.120{\pm}0.236$, and $1.615{\pm}0.372$, respectively. Quantitative analysis showed negative correlation between $ADC_{mean}-FA_{mean}$ and $ADC_{max}-FA_{max}$(p = 0.001, 0.003). The qalitative analysis showed ADC 0.628(p = 0.001), FA 0.620(p = 0.001) in the internal evaluations, ADC 0.677(p = 0.001), FA 0.695(p = 0.001) in external evaluations. In conclusion, based on the morphological examination, time to signal intensity graph is the form of wash-out(pattern III) in the dynamic contrast enhance examination, As a result, the $ADC_{mean}$ $1.120{\pm}0.236$ and $FA_{mean}$ values were $0.032{\pm}0.142$ with a negative correlation (Y=1.44-1.12X). Therefore, If we understand the shape of time to signal intensity graph and the relationship between ADC and FA, It will be a criterion for distinguishing malignant diseases in breast cancer.