• 한국지하수토양환경학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지하수토양환경학회 2004년도 총회 및 춘계학술발표회
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• pp.100-101
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• 2004

Many researches in Korea have been performed to understand the pollution of stream waters by acid mine drainage. However, few studies have been conducted regarding the effect of particulate and colloidal fractions on the transport of trace metals. To estimate harmful effects of trace metals, it is important to evaluate the particulate and colloidal metals as well as dissolved metals, because particulate and colloidal fractions of trace metals play an important role in transport of trace metals and may adversely affect habitats and organisms in riverine system. Colloids are solids with effective diameters in size range from 0.001 $\mu$m to 1 $\mu$m. According to Jone et al. (1974), metals in surface water, like Al, Fe, and Mn, require filtration with pore-size membranes smaller than 0.45 $\mu$m to define dissolved concentrations. The main objective of this study is to understand the effects of particulate, colloidal, and truly dissolved fractions on the transport and fate of trace metals in acid mine drainage. This study was conducted for the Onjeong creek in the Uljin mine area. Sampling was carried out in 13 sites, spatially covering the area from mine dumps to the downstream Onjeong reservoir. To examine the metal partitioning between particulate, colloidal, and truly dissolved fraction, we used successive filtration techniques consisting of conventional method (using 0.45 $\mu$m membranes) and tangential-flow ultrafiltration (using 0.001 $\mu$mm membranes). Ultrafiltration may seperate much smaller particles from aqueous phase (Josephson, 1984; Hernandez and Stallard, 1988). The analysis of metals were performed by inductively coupled plasma - atomic emission spectrometer (ICP-AES: model Perkin Elmer OPTIMA3000XL). Anions such as SO$_4$, Cl and NO$_3$ were measured with ion chromatograph (IC: model Dionex 120). Sample analysis is still in progress. The preliminary data show that the studied creek is severely polluted by Al, Fe, Mn, Pb and Zn. Toward upstream sites with relatively lower pH, less than 50% of Al and Fe occur in the sorbed form on particles or colloids, whereas more than 80% of Al and Fe occur in the sorbed form in downstream sites or tributaries with relatively higher pH. Less than 30% of Zn is present in particle or colloidal forms in the whole range of creek. Truly dissolved fraction of trace metals is negatively correlated with pH. The Kd values for Al, Fe and Zn consistently increase with increasing pH and decrease with increasing particle concentration.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제42권3호
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• pp.196-204
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• 2016

Objectives: Aluminum is well known as a potent neurotoxicant. There are many reports that aluminum can be toxic to humans and to animals. However, there are only few studies on the assessment of aluminum exposure among humans in Korea. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate current aluminum concentrations among the adult population in regions of Korea. Methods: We selected 439 adults aged 20-89 years from the Busan-Ulsan-Gyeongnam region and certain other sites. Blood aluminum concentrations were analyzed using inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP/MS). The geometric means (GM) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of aluminum concentrations were calculated, and we also confirmed the proportion of excess of the aluminum reference value. Results: Total GM (95% CI) of aluminum levels was 14.26 (13.43-15.14) ppb. Levels among males (15.58 [14.09-17.22] ppb) were higher compared to among females (13.51 [12.54-14.55] ppb), and levels increased with subject age from 40 years and over. Three point one nine percent of the subjects exceed the reference value of 50 ppb. Lastly, aluminum concentration has a log-normal distribution with lnN (x; 2.89, 0.642), x>0. Conclusion: In the present study, we evaluated the distribution of blood aluminum concentrations among the normal population in Korea, and we found some adults exceeding the reference levels. However, in order to compare the results with other studies, an extended study including measurement of serum aluminum level is required. In addition, further research on various population groups, including occupational exposure of workers, is required.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.9-19
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• 2010

Objective: To compare the contents and transfer rate of hazardous substances in crude, washing solution, crude after washing, decoction and remnant after boiling. Methods: The heavy metal contents of each step were measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS) and mercury analyzer (SP-3DS). In order to analyze pesticides in each sample we used simultaneous multi-residue analysis of pesticides by GC/ECD, which was followed by GC/MSD analysis to confirm the identity of the detected pesticide in each sample. In addition, the contents of sulfur dioxide ($SO_2$) were performed by Monier-Williams distillation method. Results: 1. Contents (mg/kg) of heavy metals were not detected in decoctions of any tested herbal medicine prescriptions. 2. Transfer rates (%) of heavy metals from crude to remnant were as follows: Yijin-tang (As: 46.9, Cd: 50.0 and Pb: 100.0), Oryung-san (As: 80.0, Cd: 100.0 and Pb: 73.8), Hwangryunhaedok-tang (As: 88.9, Cd: 71.4 and Pb: 92.7), Bangpungtongseong-san (As: 100.0, Cd: 17.3 and Pb: 56.1), Oyaksungi-san (As: 47.4, Cd: 175.0 and Pb: 142.4). 3. Contents (mg/kg) of residual pesticides were not detected in any samples. 4. Transfer rate (%) of sulfur dioxide ($SO_2$) from crude to remnant in all samples were as follows: Yijin-tang (25.0), Oryung-san (166.7), Hwangryunhaedok-tang (50.0), Bangpungtongseong-san (181.8), Oyaksungi-san (50.0). Conclusion: Our results showed that the boiled herbal medicine prescriptions which we take are safe from the hazardous substances.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.87-91
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• 2015

Eight minerals (Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na and Zn) were determined in Schizandra chinensis fruits and their infusions in Seoul. The average mineral contents per Schizandra chinensis fruits (100 g) were K (966.08 mg), Mg (87.20 mg), Ca (15.19 mg), Mn (6.19 mg), Fe (3.99 mg), Zn (2.78 mg), Na (2.15 mg) and Cu (0.31 mg) respectively by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometer. The quantity of K and Zn were found significantly higher in Korean fruits than the Chinese fruits (p < 0.05). The other 6 minerals did not reveal remarkable difference. In the case of processed Schizandra chinensis tea, it had K (217 mg), Mg (20.40 mg), Ca (7.16 mg), Na (2.95 mg), Mn (1.34 mg), Fe (0.95 mg), Zn (0.25 mg) and Cu (0.09 mg) per 100 g respectively. In extraction of Schizandra chinensis fruits, as it took a longer extraction time, and in a powder form rather than a raw form, it had a higher contents of minerals. When a powder type of Schizandra chinensis fruits was extracted for 24 hours at $25^{\circ}C$, the transfer rate appeared with Ca (36.27%), Mn (25.44%), K (22.43%), Zn (21.00%), Na (19.91%), Mg (19.55%) Cu (13.78%) and Fe (6.45%) respectively.

• 사상체질의학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.93-100
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• 2010

1. Objectives: To compare the contents of hazardous substances such as crude, washing solution, crude after washing, decoction and remnant. 2. Methods: The heavy metal contents of each step were measured by inductively coupled plasma (ICP) spectrometer and mercury analyzer (MA-2). In order to analyze pesticides in Yanggyeoksanhwa-tang we used simultaneous multi- residue analysis of pesticides by GC/ECD, which was followed by GC/MSD analysis to confirm the identity of the detected pesticide in each sample. In addition, the contents of sulfur dioxide (SO2) were performed by Monier-Williams distillation method. 3. Results: 1) The mean values of heavy metal contents (mg/kg) for each steps in Yanggeoksanhwa-tang were as follows: crude (Pb; 1.87, As; 1.29, Cd; 0.28 and Hg; N.D.), washing solution (Pb; 1.98, As; 1.13, Cd; 0.10 and Hg; N.D.), crude after washing (Pb; 1.90, As; 1.40, Cd; 0.22 and Hg; N.D.), decoction (Pb; 1.90, As; 1.14, Cd; 0.11 and Hg; N.D.) and remnant (Pb; 2.39, As; 1.29, Cd; 0.25 and Hg; 0.01). 2) Contents (mg/kg) of residual pesticides in crude and decoction were not detected. 3) Contents (mg/kg) of sulfur dioxide (SO2) in crude, crude after washing and remnant exhibited 3.00, 2.00 and 2.00 mg/kg, respectively. However, contents of sulfur dioxide in washing solution and decoction were not detected. 4. Conclusions: These Results: will be used to establish a criterion of heavy metals, residual pesticides and sulfur dioxide of each step in Yanggeoksanhwa-tang.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.225-232
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• 1998

우리나라 밭토양을 1997년 작물 파종전인 3~5월에 표토(0~15cm) 854점 및 밭작물 140점을 채취하여, 이들 토양 및 작물중에 함유된 카드뮴, 구리, 납, 아연 및 비소 함량을 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 토양중 0.1N-HCl 가용성 중금속의 평균함량은 카드뮴 0.135(0~0.660), 구리 2.77(0.07~78.2), 납 3.47(0~43.0), 아연 10.7(0.3~65.1), 비소 $0.57(0.21{\sim}2.90)mg\;kg^{-1}$이었다. 밭토양의 중금속함량은 '89년에 조사한 일반 밭토양함량과 유사하나 '96년에 조사한 시설재배지 토양보다 낮은 함량을 보였다. 본 조사 결과 밭토양의 중금속함량은 토양환경보전법의 토양오염 우려 및 대책기준과 비교하여 매우 낮은 수준으로 작물재배에 있어 안전한 수준이나 구리의 최고함량은 우려기준 이상이었다. 노지채소 및 서류의 생체 중 평균함량은 카드뮴 0.005~0.019, 구리 0.20~1.03, 납 0.042~0.104, 아연 $2.0{\sim}4.0mg\;kg^{-1}$이었고, 카드뮴 및 납의 경우 EU의 채소류 식품검토안(Cd : $0.10mg\;kg^{-1}$, Pb : $0.50mg\;kg^{-1}$)이하로 안전한 수준이었다.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.253-260
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• 2008

국내에서 유통되고 있는 한약재의 안전성을 검토하고자 국내산 한약재 28종, 33건과 수입산 37종 56건 등 총 65종 89건을 구입하여 중금속 함량을 조사하였다. Hg의 경우 평균 함유량이 0.010 mg/kg (domestic : 0.010, imported : 0.010)이었으며, Pb의 경우에는 0.380 mg/kg (domestic : 0.311, imported 0.449), Cd은 0.080 mg/kg (domestic : 0.101, imported : 0.059), As를 분석한 결과 2.085 mg/kg (domestic : 1.845, imported : 2.324)으로 나타났다. 또한 Mn은 31.564 mg/kg (domestic 33.844, imported : 29.283), Zn은 15.436 mg/kg (domestic : 18.703, imported : 12.168), Cu가 3.406 mg/kg (domestic : 3.374, imported : 3.437), Fe의 경우 134.944 mg/kg (domestic : 108.327, imported : 161.561)으로 분석되었다. Hg, Pb, Cd,와 As에 대한 전반적인 경향은 대부분의 검사항목에서 안전한 것으로 분석되었으며, 수입산 한약재와 국내산 한약재간의 특별한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 그러나 극히 일부 시료에서 비록 적은 양이지만 기준치를 약간 초과하는 결과를 보여 향후 안전한 한약재를 국민들에게 공급하기 위해서는 보다 더 세심한 관리가 필요할 것으로 생각된다. 이러한 결과로 보아 추후 개별 중금속기준치 설정 및 국내 유통 생약의 개별 중금속 함유량실태 파악하는데 있어서 기초 자료로 활용이 가능할 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국광물학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.181-191
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• 2007

천연유리로 만든 보석들의 보석학적 특징을 알아보기 위하여 중국 광동성 마오밍산 텍타이트와 백두산에서 채취한 흑요석을 대상으로 편광 및 반사현미경, 주사전자현미경, 비중 및 굴절율 측정, X-선형광분석, ICP-MS분석, X-선회절분석, 전자현미분석 등을 실시하였다. 중국산 텍타이트와 북한산 흑요석은 모두 검고, 패각상 단구를 나타내며, 수 mm 두께로 연마하였을 경우에는 모두 짙은 갈색의 반투명한 특징을 나타낸다. 텍타이트는 $4{\sim}10 cm$ 크기의 길쭉한 원통형 모양으로, 또는 직경이 $3{\sim}5 cm$인 구형으로 산출된다. 텍타이트의 표면에는 직경이 최대 3 mm인 함몰구조가 있는 것이 특징이다. 텍타이트의 모스경도는 $5{\sim}5.5$, 비중은 2.66이며, 단굴절을 일으키며, 굴절율은 1.51이다. 텍타이트 속에는 다수의 구형 기포가 분산되어 있으며, 규질성분이 높은 유리질물질이 존재한다. X-선회절 분석결과 비정질상태임이 확인되었다. 백두산 흑요석은 두 가지 형태로 나타난다. 즉, 균질한 검은색의 흑요석과 백색 결정을 함유하고 있는 것 등이다. 주된 차이점인 굴절율은 $1.49{\sim}1.50$으로서 텍타이트보다는 작으며, 비중은 텍타이트보다 다소 큰 $2.67{\sim}2.68$을 나타낸다. 또한 구형 기포 내포물이 없는 대신 새니딘과 자철석 침상결정을 함유하고 있다.

• 한국결정성장학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.93-100
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• 2010

X-선 회절 분석방법을 통해 biphasic calcium phosphate(BCP) 분말의 Ca/P 몰 비율을 확인하고 특성을 평가하였다. 다양한 화학 양론적인 Ca/P 몰 비율을 가지는 BCP 분말은 공침반응 및 하소과정을 통해 합성하였다. 1.5에서 1.67의 Ca/P 몰 비율을 가지는 분말의 조성은 초기 출발물질의 Ca/P 몰 비율, pH 10에서의 공침 과정 및$900^{\circ}C$ 열처리에 의해 정해졌다. 화학 양론적 Ca/P 몰 비율을 가지는 BCP 분말의 구조, 형상 및 화학적 특성평가는 XRD의 상-정량 확인 분석을 바탕으로 주사전자현미경 및 유도 결합 플라즈마 분광분석기와 함께 수행 하였다. BCP 분말의 용해도는 $36.5^{\circ}C$ 및 pH 7.4 의 phosphate buffer solution(PBS)에서 특성평가 하였다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제43권3호
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• pp.194-201
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• 2017

Objectives: Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) are widely used in various commercial products, but they are exposed to the environment and can induce toxicity. In this study, we investigated the environmental fate and bioaccumulation of ZnO NPs in a microcosm. Methods: The microcosm was composed of water, soil (Lufa Soil 2.2) and organisms (Oryzias latipes, Neocaridina denticulata, Semisulcospira libertina). Point five and 5 mg/L of ZnO NPs were exposed in the microcosm for 14 days. Total Zn concentrations were measured using an Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer (ICP-MS) and intracellular NPs were observed using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Results: In the initial stages of exposure, the Zn concentrations in water increased in all exposure groups and then decreased, while the Zn concentration in soil increased after three hours for the 5 mg/L solution. Zn concentrations also showed increasing trends in N. denticulata and S. libertina at 0.5 and 5 mg/L, and in O. latipes at 5 mg/L. Accumulation of NPs was found in the livers of O. latipes and hepatopancreas of N. denticulata and S. libertina. Conclusions: In the early stages of exposure, ZnO NPs remained in the water, and then were transported to the soil and test species. Unlike other species, total Zn concentrations in N. denticulata and S. libertina increased for both 0.5 mg/L and 5 mg/L. Therefore, ZnO NPs were more easily accumulated in zoobenthos than in fish.