• Journal of Korean Philosophical Society
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• v.123
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• pp.441-465
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• 2012

In der Kritik der reinen Vernunft entfaltet sich die Lehre des $Selbstbewu{\ss}tseins$, die in sich die verschiedene Auffassungen ${\ddot{u}}ber$ das transzendentale Ich $enth{\ddot{a}}lt$. $Demgem{\ddot{a}}{\ss}$ ist das transzendentale Ich einerseits das Ich als reine $Selbstt{\ddot{a}}tigkeit$. Die Vorstellung des Ich $dr{\ddot{u}}ckt$ insofern als die intellektuelle Vorstellung ${\ddot{u}}ber$ die spontane Handlung des denkenden Ich die numerische Einheit oder die Einfachheit der verschiedenen Handlungen desselben aus. Aber andererseits ist das transzendentale Ich im $Selbstbewu{\ss}tsein$ das Ich als den Gegenstand ${\ddot{u}}berhaupt$. Das Ich als Gegenstand ${\ddot{u}}berhaupt$ ist gerade das Ich als Gegenstand des inneren Sinnes oder das empirische Ich ${\ddot{u}}berhaupt$. In diesem Sinne $dr{\ddot{u}}ckt$ das $Selbstbewu{\ss}tsein$ die unbestimmte Wahrnehmung ${\ddot{u}}berhaupt$, oder apprehensio simplex aus. Auf diese Weise $enth{\ddot{a}}lt$ das transzendentale Ich im Selbstbewusstsein in sich die doppelseitigen Momente. Das Ich im $Selbstbewu{\ss}tsein$ ist einerseits das Ich als das denkende Subjekt, $n{\ddot{a}}mlich$ das logische Ich, aber andererseits zugleich das Ich als das wharnehmende Subjekt, das psychologische Ich ${\ddot{u}}berhaupt$. Und diese doppelseitigen Momente des Ichs unterscheiden sich voneinander, aber zugleich auch $dr{\ddot{u}}cken$ in sich ein und dasselbe Ich aus. Dennoch ist das Problem der Einheit und Entzweiung des Ich im Selbstbewusstsein bleibt in der Kritik der reinen Vernunft als ein $unerkl{\ddot{a}}rbares$, $unaufl{\ddot{o}}sbares$ $R{\ddot{a}}tzel$. Eben mit diesem Problem setzt Kant sich im Opus potumum ernsthaft auseinander und $l{\ddot{o}}st$ dieses Problem durch eine neue Lehre des $Selbstbewu{\ss}tseins$ oder die Lehre der Selbstsezung auf.

• Korean Journal of Exercise Nutrition
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.115-122
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• 2009

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a common cause of stroke, and it occurs mainly in the striatum, thalamus, cerebellum, and pons. Physical exercise is known to ameliorate neurologic impairment induced by various brain insults. In the present study, the influence of pre-and post-conditioning of treadmill exercise on spatial learning ability, the lesion volume, and apoptotic neuronal cell death in the striatum following ICH in rats was investigated. ICH in the striatum was induced by injection of collagenase using strereotaxic instrument. The rats in the pre-exercise group were scheduled to run on a treadmill before ICH induction for 2 consecutive weeks. The rats in the post-exercise group were scheduled to run on a treadmill after ICH induction for 2 weeks. The rats in the pre-exercise and post-exercise group were scheduled to run on a preconditioning treadmill exercise 2 weeks before ICH induction until postconditioning treadmill exercise 2 weeks after ICH induction, except the day of surgery. For this study, radial arm maze task, Nissl staining, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay, and immunohistochemistry for caspase-3 were performed. Our date showed that treadmill exercise suppressed the ICH-induced apoptotic neuronal cell death and decreased lesion volume in the stratum. Treadmill exercise also alleviated the ICH-induced impairment of spatial learning ability. Preconditioning treadmill exercise before the ICH insult and postconditioning treadmill exercise after the ICH insult showed similar effectiveness on the recovery of ICH. In this study, however, preconditioning exercise before the ICH insult and postconditioning exercise after the ICH insult showed the most potent effectiveness on the recovery of ICH.

• 한국방재학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2008.02a
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• pp.291-294
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• 2008

A ICH-CFT colunn(internally confined hollow-concrete filled tube column) has many advantages compare with R.C column and CFT column. For example using a hollow section, it is possible to save material and to reduce self weight of column. Also two steel tubes on both sid of concrete, inner and outter tube, can improve ductility of ICH-CFT column. But study about ICH-CFT section has done only theoretically. Thus although ICH-CFT column has many advantages, ICH-CFT column dosen't use in construction. In this thesis, through out 3-D full modeling using ABAQUS analyze the nonlinear behavaior of ICH-CFT column. And using the analysis result, review the theoretical knowledge.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.19-26
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• 2014

Objectives : This study was performed in order to evaluate the effects of Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix (SMR) water extract against the cerebral hemorrhage and the blood-brain barrier (BBB) impairment in the intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Method : ICH was induced by the stereotaxic intrastriatal injection of bacterial collagenase type IV in Sprague-Dawley rats. SMR was orally given three times every 20 hours during 3 days after the ICH induction. Hematoma volume, water content of brain tissue and volume of evans blue leakage were examined. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) positive neutrophils and tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$) were observed with immunofluorescence labeling and confocal microscope. Results : SMR significantly reduced the hematoma volume of the ICH-induced rat brain. SMR significantly reduced the water content of brain tissue of the ICH-induced rat brain. SMR reduced the percentage of the evans blue leakage around the hematoma on the caudate putamen compared to the ICH group, especially on the cerebral cortex. SMR significantly reduced the volume of the evans blue leakage level in the peri-hematoma regions of the ICH-induced rat brain. SMR significantly reduced MPO positive neutrophils in the peri-hematoma regions of the ICH-induced rat brain. SMR reduced the TNF-${\alpha}$ expression in peri-hematoma regions of the ICH-induced rat brain. TNF-${\alpha}$ immuno-labeled cells were coincided with MPO immuno-labeled neutrophils in peri-hematoma regions of the ICH-induced rat brain. Conclusion : These results suggest that SMR plays a protective role against the blood-brain barrier impairment in the ICH through suppression of inflammation in the rat brain tissues.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.54 no.3
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• pp.164-174
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• 2013

Objective : The aim of this study was to determine 30-day mortality and 6-month functional recovery rates in spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (S-ICH) patients undergoing hemodialysis treatment for end-stage renal disease (ESRD), and to compare the outcomes of these patients and S-ICH patients without ESRD. Methods : The medical records of 1943 S-ICH patients from January 2000 to December 2011 were retrospectively analyzed with focus on demographic, radiological, and laboratory characteristics. Results : A total of 1558 supratentorial S-ICH patients were included in the present study and 102 (6.5%) were ESRD patients. The 30-day mortality of the S-ICH patients with ESRD was 53.9%, and 29.4% achieved good functional recovery at 6 months post-S-ICH. Multivariate analysis showed that age, Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score, pupillary abnormality, ventricular extension of hemorrhage, hemorrhagic volume, hematoma enlargement, anemia, and treatment modality were independently associated with 30-day mortality in S-ICH patients with ESRD (p<0.05), and that GCS score, volume of hemorrhage, conservative treatment, and shorter hemodialysis duration was independently associated with good functional recovery at 6 months post-S-ICH in patients with ESRD (p<0.05). Conclusion : This retrospective study showed worse outcome after S-ICH in patients with ESRD than those without ESRD; 30-day mortality was four times higher and the functional recovery rate was significantly lower in S-ICH patients with ESRD than in S-ICH patients without ESRD.

• Journal of Computing Science and Engineering
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.142-151
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• 2017

Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (sICH) has a high mortality rate. Research has demonstrated that sICH occurrence is related to weather conditions; therefore, this study used the decision tree method to explore the impact of climatic risk factors on sICH at different ages. The Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD) and other open-access data were used in this study. The inclusion criterion was a first-attack sICH. The decision tree algorithm and random forest were implemented in R programming language. We defined a high risk of sICH as more than the average number of cases daily, and the younger, middle-aged and older groups were calculated as having 0.77, 2.26 and 2.60 cases per day, respectively. In total, 22,684 sICH cases were included in this study; 3,102 patients were younger (<44 years, younger group), 9,089 were middle-aged (45-64 years, middle group), and 10,457 were older (>65 years, older group). The risk of sICH in the younger group was not correlated with temperature, wind speed or humidity. The middle group had two decision nodes: a higher risk if the maximum temperature was >$19^{\circ}C$ (probability = 63.7%), and if the maximum temperature was <$19^{\circ}C$ in addition to a wind speed <2.788 (m/s) (probability = 60.9%). The older group had a higher risk if the average temperature was >$23.933^{\circ}C$ (probability = 60.7%). This study demonstrated that the sICH incidence in the younger patients was not significantly correlated with weather factors; that in the middle-aged sICH patients was highly-correlated with the apparent temperature; and that in the older sICH patients was highly-correlated with the mean ambient temperature. "Warm" cold ambient temperatures resulted in a higher risk of sICH, especially in the older patients.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.89-94
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• 2012

Objects : The purpose of this study was to observe the effect of Salviae Miltriorrhiza Radix(SMR) water-extract on intracerebral hemorrhage(ICH) and neuronal apoptosis in the injured areas. Method : ICH was induced by the stereotaxic intrastriatal injection of bacterial collagenase type IV in Sprague-Dawley rats. The rats were givened oral SMR treatment once a day for three days after the ICH treatment. TUNEL positive cells in the affected regions were performed by TUNEL assay, Bax and Bcl-2 positive cells by immunohistochemistry and the Bax expression by western blotting method. Results : The results are as follow; 1. SMR significantly reduced the number of TUNEL positive cells in the peri-hematoma reigions of ICH-induced rats. 2. SMR significantly reduced the number of Bax positive cells in the peri-hematoma regions of ICH-induced rats. 3. SMR did not affect the number of Bcl-2 positive cells in the peri-hematoma regions of ICH-induced rats. 4. SMR significantly reduced the Bax expressions compared with ICH group in hemorrhagic hemisphere of ICH-induced rats. Conclusion : These results suggest that SMR is effective in reducing neuronal apoptosis.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.50 no.5
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• pp.403-408
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• 2011

Objective : Contrary to some clinical belief, there were quite a few studies regarding animal models of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) $in$ $vivo$ suggesting that prior use of statins may improve outcome after ICH. This study reports the effect of 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG CoA) reductase inhibitor, simvastatin given before experimental ICH. Methods : Fifty-one rats were subjected to collagenase-induced ICH, subdivided in 3 groups according to simvastatin treatment modality, and behavioral tests were done. Hematoma volume, brain water content and hemispheric atrophy were analyzed. Immunohistochemical staining for microglia (OX-42) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) was performed and caspase-3 activity was also measured. Results : Pre-simvastatin therapy decreased inflammatory reaction and perihematomal cell death, but resulted in no significant reduction of brain edema and no eNOS expression in the perihematomal region. Finally, prior use of simvastatin showed less significant improvement of neurological outcome after experimental ICH when compared to post-simvastatin therapy. Conclusion : The present study suggests that statins therapy after ICH improves neurological outcome, but prior use of statins before ICH might provide only histological improvement, providing no significant impact on neurological outcome against ICH.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.699-704
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• 2001

Objectives : The rupture of middle cerebral artery(MCA) aneurysm usually cause or is associated with higher incidence of intracerebral hemorrhages(ICH) than any other aneurysmal ruptures. Also, the outcome of patients who had ICH is known to be worse than patients who had subarachnoid hemorrhage(SAH) only. The authors report the bleeding pattern and outcome of ruptured MCA aneurysm patients. Patients and Methods : A total 106 ruptured MCA aneurysm patients who were surgically treated were included and they were divided into 2 groups by the initial brain CT findings according to the presence or absence of ICH over 10cc in amount. The clinical data were analysed retrospectively. Results : The overall mortality was 18.9%. Among 81 patients(76.4%) who had subarachnoid hemorrhage(SAH) only, 68 patients(84%) showed favorable outcome. Twenty five patients(23.6%) had ICH over 10cc in amount with or without SAH, and among them, 11 patients(44%) showed favorable outcome. The ICH was located in temporal lobe(15 patients, 60%), frontal lobe(3, 12%), sylvian fissure(6, 24%) and frontal-temporal lobe(1, 4%). Among 15 patients who had ICH in temporal lobe, only 4 patients(26.6%) showed favorable outcome and all 3 patients who had ICH in frontal lobe showed favorable outcome. Conclusion : ICH was presented in 23.6% of ruptured MCA aneurysm patients and the prognosis of patients with ICH was worse than patients with SAH only. The ICH was located mainly in the temporal lobe and sylvian fissure.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.63 no.6
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• pp.689-697
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• 2020

Objective : Cerebral edema is the predominant mechanism of secondary inflammation after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Pioglitazone, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma agonist has been shown to play a role in regulation of central nervous system inflammation. Here, we examined the pharmacological effects of pioglitazone in an ICH mouse model and investigated its regulation on NLRP3 inflammasome and glucose metabolism. Methods : The ICH model was established in C57 BL/6 mice by the stereotactical inoculation of blood (30 µL) into the right frontal lobe. The treatment group was administered i.p. pioglitazone (20 mg/kg) for 1, 3, and 6 days. The control group was administered i.p. phosphate-buffered saline for 1, 3, and 6 days. We investigated brain water contents, NLRP3 expression, and changes in the metabolites in the ICH model using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Results : On day 3, brain edema in the mice treated with pioglitazone was decreased more than that in the control group. Expression levels of NLRP3 in the ICH model treated with pioglitazone were decreased more than those of the control mice on days 3 and 7. The pioglitazone group showed higher levels of glycolytic metabolites than those in the ICH mice. Lactate production was increased in the ICH mice treated with pioglitazone. Conclusion : Our results demonstrated less brain swelling following ICH in mice treated with pioglitazone. Pioglitazone decreased NLRP3-related brain edema and increased anaerobic glycolysis, resulting in the production of lactate in the ICH mice model. NLRP3 might be a therapeutic target for ICH recovery.