• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.307-315
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• 2002

Suppose one is given a vector X of a finite set of quantities $X_i$ which are independent Poisson signals. A null hypothesis $H_0$ about E(X) is to be tested against an alternative hypothesis $H_1$. A quantity $$\sum\limits_{i}\omega_ix_i$$ is to be computed and used for the test. The optimal values of $\omega_i$ are calculated for three cases : (1) signal to noise ratio is used in the test, (2) normal approximations with unequal variances to the Poisson distributions are used in the test, and (3) the Poisson distribution it self is used. A comparison is made of the optimal values of $\omega_i$ in the three cases as parameter goes to infinity.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.2629-2635
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• 2016

Genetic polymorphisms constitute one of the reasons behind the racial variation in prostate cancer occurrence. Published studies regarding genetic associations of glutathione S-transferase mu 1 (GSTM1) and glutathione S-transferase theta 1 (GSTT1) null deletion polymorphisms with prostatic carcinoma have generated inconsistent results among different populations. To date, even a single meta-analysis is not available representing the association of these genes with prostate cancer in different ethnic groups. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to provide a clear picture of GSTM1 and GSTT1 null deletion and risk of prostate cancer among different ethnic groups (i.e. Asians, Europeans, Americans, Africans and Eurasians). A systematic search was performed with the help of various search engines to find out the all the recent studies (2004 to 2015) evaluating the role of GSTM1 and GSTT1 deletion in prostate cancer development. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence interval (CI) of a total of 34 studies with 7,281 cases and 9,082 controls was analyzed using STATA and MedCalc software. Overall, GSTM1 deletion (OR 3.67; CI 1.39-9.85; P= 0.001) was strongly associated with prostatic cancer. In the sub group analysis GSTM1 null deletion was also significantly associated with prostate cancer among Asians (OR 4.84; CI 1.08-21.5; P= 0.03), Eurasians (OR 17.69; CI 9.87-31.70; P< 0.001) and Americans (OR 0.11; CI 0.01-1.06; P= 0.05). No association was observed among Europeans (P=0.42) and Africans (P= 0.40). As a whole GSTT1 null deletion (OR 0.85; CI 0.28-2.58; P= 0.77) did not show anyt significant association with prostate cancer risk among different populations. When the data were stratified into different groups, however, Africans demonstrated a significant association of GSTT1 null deletion (OR 1.95; CI 1.57-2.39; P<0.001) with prostate cancer, whereas no association was found among Asians (P= 0.90), Americans (P= 0.50), Europeans (P= 0.89) and Eurasians (P= 1.0). In conclusion, both GSTM1 and GSTT1 may contribute to prostate cancer development but GSTM1 may prove to be a stronger candidate risk factor.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.10
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• pp.4967-4971
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• 2012

Background/Aims: Glutathione S-transferase T1 (GSTT1), a phase-II enzyme, plays an important role in detoxification of carcinogen electrophiles. Many studies have investigated the association between GSTT1 polymorphism and esophageal cancer risk in Asian populations, but its actual impact is not clear owing to apparent inconsistencies among those studies. Thus, a meta-analysis was performed to explore the effect of GSTT1 polymorphism on the risk of developing esophageal cancer. Methods: A literature search of PubMed, Embase, and Wanfang databases up to August 2012 was conducted and 15 eligible papers were finally selected, involving a total of 1,626 esophageal cancer cases and 2,216 controls. We used the pooled odds ratio (OR) with its corresponding 95% confidence interval (95%CI) to estimate the association of GSTT1 polymorphism with esophageal cancer risk. Subgroup analyses and sensitivity analyses were performed to further identify the association. Results: Meta-analysis of total studies showed the null genotype of GSTT1 was significantly associated with an increased risk of esophageal cancer in Asians (OR=1.26, 95%CI=1.05-1.52, $P_{OR}=0.015$, $I^2=42.7%$). Subgroup analyses by sample size and countries also identified a significant association. Sensitivity analysis further demonstrated a relationship of GSTT1 polymorphism to esophageal cancer risk in Asians. Conclusions: The present meta-analysis of available data showed a significant association between the null genotype of GSTT1 and an increased risk of esophageal cancer in Asians, particularly in China.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.151-155
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• 2011

Short tandem repeats (STRs) loci are the genetic markers used for forensic human identity test. With multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays, STRs are examined and measured PCR product length relative to sequenced allelic ladders. In the repeat region and the flanking region of the commonly-used STR may have DNA sequence variation. A mismatch due to sequence variation in the DNA template may cause allele drop-out (i.e., a "null" or "silent" allele) when it falls within PCR primer binding sites. The STR markers were co-amplified in a single reaction by using commercial PowerPlex$^{(R)}$ 16 system and AmpFlSTR$^{(R)}$ Identifiler$^{(R)}$ PCR amplification kits. Separation of the PCR products and fluorescence detection were performed by ABI PRISM$^{(R)}$ 3100 Genetic Analyzer with capillary electrophoresis. The GeneMapper$^{TM}$ ID software were used for size calling and analysis of STR profiles. Here, this study described a forensic human identity test in which allelic drop-out occurred in the STR system D18S51. During the course of human identity test, two samples with a homozygous (16, 16 and 21, 21) genotype at D18S51 locus were discovered using the PowerPlex$^{(R)}$ 16 system. The loss of alleles was confirmed when the samples were amplified using AmpFlSTR$^{(R)}$ Identifiler$^{(R)}$ PCR amplification kit and resulted in a heterozygous (16, 20 and 20, 21) genotype at this locus each other. This discrepancy results suggest that appropriate measures should be taken for database comparisons and that allele should be further investigated by sequence analysis and be reported to the forensic community.

• Speech Sciences
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.93-107
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• 1999

This study deals with a general review of $Gar\acute{i}funa$ and Patois, creole languages which developed out of the sociohistorical situation of the last centuries and are mainly spoken in the West Indies and Carribean Coasts. In this paper, I present some notes and ideas on the linguistic developments and features of these languages. Especially I describe their function connected with a variety of social circumstances and their phonetical/phonological changes from the base languages. This is a result of fieldwork conducted in Honduras, Belize, Cuba and Mexico, from January 1996 to February 1998, using some surveys and collecting words from different materials and texts. And I hope this paper will contribute to research in 'mixed' languages as well as to historical linguists. I am very grateful to Mr. Mauricio $Tom\acute{a}s$, the only uriversity student in $Traves\acute{i}a$, a small town in nothern Honduras and to Mr. Carlos Marcos, a medical student who is from a Haitian family in Santiago de Cuba. Without their cooperation, I couldn't have conducted this research.

• The Pure and Applied Mathematics
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.115-122
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• 1998

In this paper, when N is a compact Riemannian manifold, we discuss the method of using warped products to construct timelike or null future(or past) complete Lorentzian metrics on $M{\;}={\;}[a,{\;}{\infty}){\times}_f{\;}N$ with specific scalar curvatures.

• Journal of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.25-30
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• 1989

We report a null detection of $^{12}CO$ emission from a sub-condensation in a High Velocity Cloud (HVC). As a consequence of this, an upper limit of $n(H_2)\frac{X(CO)}{DV/DR}{\leq}2{\times}10^{-5}$ was set. This implies that $^{12}CO$ abundance is deficient by at least a factor of 10 if the HVC is predominantly molecular, otherwise the CO abundance of the HVC might be normal.

• Wind and Structures
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.179-191
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• 2006

Parent wind data are often acknowledged to fit a Weibull probability distribution, implying that wind epoch maxima should fall into the domain of attraction of the Gumbel (Type I) extreme value distribution. However, observations of wind epoch maxima are not fitted well by this distribution and a Generalised Extreme Value (GEV) analysis leading to a Type III fit empirically appears to be better. Thus there is an apparent paradox. The reasons why advocates of the GEV approach seem to prefer it are briefly summarised. This paper gives a detailed analysis of the errors involved when the GEV is fitted to epoch maxima of Weibull origin. It is shown that the results in terms of the shape parameter are an artefact of these errors. The errors are unavoidable with the present sample sizes. If proper significance tests are applied, then the null hypothesis of a Type I fit, as predicted by theory, will almost always be retained. The GEV leads to an unacceptable ambiguity in defining design loads. For these reasons, it is concluded that the GEV approach does not seem to be a sensible option.

• Journal of Korean Society for Quality Management
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.172-180
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• 1991

The null hypothesis being tested by $the{\bar{X}}$ control chart is that the process is in control at a quality level ${\mu}o$. An ${\bar{X}}control$ chart is a tool for detecting process average changes due to assingnable causes. The major weakness of $the{\bar{X}}$ control chart is that it is relatively insensitive to small changes in the population mean. This paper presents one way to remedy this weakness is to allow each plotted value to depend not only on the most recent subgroup average but on some of the other subgroup averages as well. Two approaches for doing this are based on (1) moving averages and (2) exponentially weighted moving averages of forecasting method.

• Journal of Drive and Control
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.32-41
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• 2012

Most diagnosis methods for servo valves requires installing spool displacement sensor or flow sensor as well as pressure sensor. The measurement of flow is hard to implement and many kinds of servovalves or proportional direction valves do not have a built-in spool displacement sensor. In this study, static performances of servovalve or proportional-direction-valve are studied theoretically and a diagnosis technique, which uses only load pressure and input current signal, is assessed. An experimental setup was made based upon a personal computer and the LabVIEW graphical language. A series of diagnosis tests were performed and the analysis results showed it possible to measure the pressure gain, hysteresis and null bias in a relatively simple methodology.