• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.60-67
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• 2001

The microscopic characteristics and cellulose structures of primary and secondary tissues in Pinus densiflora S. et Z. were examined. Cells of primary tissue in cross section showed an irregular arrangement and round shape. Fiber lengths were 200 to $250{\mu}m$ in primary tissue, and 1,500 to $1,600{\mu}m$ in secondary tissue. Cell diameters in primary tissue were larger than those in secondary tissue; 40 to $50{\mu}m$ in former and 10 to $20{\mu}m$ in latter. Crystallite width and d-spacing of (200) in both tissues did not show any significant differences. However, crystallinity indices by Segal's method showed significant differences as 23% in primary tissue and 35% in secondary tissue. In the orientation of cellulose microfibril, primary tissues had a random pattern, whereas, secondary tissues presented an oriented pattern with 20 to 30 degree. The cellulose crystalline of primary tissue was easily transformed into cellulose II by mercerization, but that of secondary tissue hardly transformed. It is considered that the difference of crystal transformation in both tissues could be caused by the difference of lignification.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.589-600
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• 2005

The purposes of this study is to discuss and analyze the effect on the recovery from cut in sciatic nerve. This study used 9 weeks male rats of Sprague-Dawley family. Rat in groups 4 were treated with pulsed therapeutic ultrasound for 3 minutes. 3 times weekly at 3MHz respectively (intensity; $0.2W/cm^2,\;0.5W/Cm^2,\;10W/cm^2$); rat in group 1 received placebo ultrasound. In addition, changes of serum aspartate amino-transferase(AST) and creatine phosphokinase(CPK) levels were also demonstrated with diameter of individual muscle fasciculate and number of muscle fiber in each of three types of muscles located in gastrocnemius, soles. The results of comparing the changes in groups are as follows; 1. We found out that hypertrophic epineurium was present in sciatic nerve injured ultrasound treatment of groups. 2. In the gastrocnemius morphological investigation of the group I (control group), severe muscle atrophy were observed at the 7th days of the sciatic nerve injury. however, muscle atrophy of the group IV ($1.0W/cm^2$) were slightly recovered at the 14th days after treatment ultrasound. At the 28th days, muscular fibers were formed in polygon and were significantly recovered. 3. C-fos immunoreactive of the group II ($0.2W/cm^2$), III ($0.5W/cm^2$) were remarkably increased at the 1th day after treatment of ultrasound. Group IV were markedly deceased. 4. Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor(BDNF) immunoreactive of the group II, III were increased after 7 days of the sciatic nerve injury. Group IV were markedly increased from 14th days to 28th days after treatment of ultrasound. 5. A significant increase of serum AST levels were demonstrated in control group. However, serum AST levels of massage groups were significantly decreased compared to that of control group in followed order ; ($0.2W/cm^2<0.5W/cm^2<1.0W/cm^2$). 6. A significant increase of serum CK levels were demonstrated in control of group. However, serum CK levels of massage groups were significantly decreased compared to that of control group in followed order ; ($0.2W/cm^2<0.5W/cm^2<1.0W/cm^2$). The above results suggest that ultrasound treatment after peripheral nerve injury might reduce noxious stimuli, facilitate nerve recovery and effective in the functional improvement delaying muscle atrophy or degeneration.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.227-236
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• 1995

The objective of this research was to characterize fucoidans isolated from Laminaria religiosa and Undaria pinnatifida in Korea to obtain basic data for Production of soluble dietary fiber materials with biological functionality. Fucoidans were successively extracted 3 times at $65\%$ for 1hr with arid solution of pH 2.0, and cetylpyridinium chloride was used for partial purification. The yields of partially purified fucoidans were $2.71\%$ for L. religiosa, $6.65\%$ for sporophylls of U. pinnatifida and $0.40\%$ for blade of U. pinnatifida. The yield from sporophylls of U. pinnatifida was highest among the sample tested, whereas the yield from blade of U. pinnatifida was lowest. It appeared that the fuconidans content in different parts of U. pinnatifida varied. Partially purified fucoidans were separated into 3 fractions by DEAE-Sephadex A-25 ion exchange column and the maior fractions were refractionated with tractional precipitation with ethanol. $60-70\%$ ethanol precipitated fractions of 1. religiosa and sporophylls of U. pinnatifida turned out to be homogeneous by cellulose acetate electrophoresis and gel filteration chromatography. The molar ratios of fucose, galactose, and sulfate in the purified fucoidans(ethanol precipitated fractions) were 1 : 0.31 : 2.43 for L. religiosa and 1 : 0.97 : 1.99 for sporophylls of U. pinnatifida. The averaged molecular weights of the purified fucoidans from L. religiosa and sporophylls of U. pinnatifida were 31,000 and 38,000, respectively.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.180-187
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• 2000

Objective : A number of evidence have suggested a pivotal role of matrix metalloproteinases(MMP) on the degeneration of intervertebral disc. Proteins of intervertebral disc mainly consist of collagen and proteoglycan. These proteins can be destructed by MMP, resulting in changes of main collagen type and degeneration of matrix proteins. The present study was to determine the different effects of MMP-1 and MMP-2 on the degenerative spinal diseases, resulting from aging process. Clinical Materials & Methods : Thirty-one patients were randomly selected among 350 patients whose discs were resected during operation from March 1997 to February 1999. Patients were divided into two groups: group I with spinal stenosis and group II with herniated intervertebral disc. Group II was subdivided into the ruptured(Group Iia) and unruptured(Group Iib). Increases in MMP-1 immunopositive cells were observed in both groups, as evidenced by immunocytochemical staining. However, in marked contrast, the number of MMP-2 immunopositive cells were only seen in group II. There was no significant difference between Group IIa and Group IIb. The MMP-2 immunopositive cells were increased in the anulus fibrosus of ruptured(Group Iia) more than unruptured(Group Iib), but statistically it was not significant. In addition, the immunopositivity of MMP-1 and MMP-2 was proportional to patients's age. Conclusion : These results strongly suggests the possible involvement of MMP-2, but not MMP-1 in progressive herniated intervertevral disc.

• Composites Research
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.30-39
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• 2000

It is difficult for civil engineer to apply composite materials of laminated type to structure for civil construction because of complicated theory although those have much merit. A simple method by which one can predict "exact" values of the natural frequency of vibration of laminated plates is presented. Many laminates with particular orientations have negligible values of $B_{16}$ and $B_{26}$ as the number of plies increases. Such laminates, with $D_{16}$ = $D_{26}$ ->0 can be solved by the same equation as for the special orthotropic laminates(1991,1995). If the quasi-isotrpic constants are used, It is possible to simplify analysis procedure since the equations for isotropic plates can be used. Use of some coefficients can produce "exact" values for laminates with such configuration. This coefficient, in fact, represents the effect of the anisotropy of the laminate. D. H. Kim proposed to use a correction factor, he developed, to produce "exact" solution out of the approximate solution obtained by using the quasi-isotropic constants(1995). In this paper, the fiber orienation studied is [$\alpha$/$\beta$/$\beta$/$\gamma$/$\alpha$/$\alpha$/$\beta$]r, with $\alpha$=-$\beta$, and $\gamma$${\gamma}$=$0^{\circ}$ or $90^{\circ}$ and the above-mentioned method is used to obtain the natural frequencies of plates with such orientations, and detailed result is presented for the use of engineers.nted for the use of engineers.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.496-504
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• 1996

The study was conducted to obtain the basic information on increasing aromatic degrees by shading and organic matter application on Condonopsis lanceolata. The result were as followings : Fresh root wt. in shading 55 % treatment was increased about twices, whereas fresh root weight in non-shading was decreased. But growth of ground parts such as vine length, leaf width, and leaf number was promoted under non-shading treatment. Macroelements such as K, Ca, and Mg, were increased in non-shading and higher organic matter application. The components such as crude protein, fiber, and ash were increased in the shading 55% treatment compared with non-shading. In the sixteen amino acids, arginine contents were the highest in non-shading and organic matter 30M/T. Recovery yield of essential oil was 0.005% in non-shading. The highest was organic matter 30M/T in the non-shading as 0.007%. Major aromatic constituents were 11 kinds of aliphatic alcohols such as I-hexanol, cis-3-hexenol, and trans-2-hexanal. As a result, major aromatic degree was higher in shading 55%, also increased in the much organic matter application. It was considered to be applied dense shading 55% and much organic matters to produce Condonopsis lanceolata plants which have high aroma and good quality.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.50 no.5
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• pp.555-563
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• 2018

Barley has nutritional benefits due to its high dietary fiber content; therefore, the intake of whole barley grains is recommended. However, barley is often consumed in the fermented form because of the improved texture and digestibility. The present study was designed to elucidate the intracellular signaling pathway for macrophage activation by the polysaccharide BF-CP from fermented barley. BF-CP is a neutral polysaccharide, composed of neutral sugars, including glucose (70.7%), xylose (11.4%), and arabinose (9.0%). BF-CP exhibited macrophage-stimulatory activity by inducing the production of interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor $(TNF)-{\alpha}$, and nitric oxide in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Further, BF-CP treatment strongly increased the IL-6 and $TNF-{\alpha}$ gene expression in a concentration-dependent manner. Signal transduction experiments using immunoblotting showed that BF-CP phosphorylated mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), such as c-Jun N-terminal kinase, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, and p38, and nuclear factor $(NF)-{\kappa}B$, in RAW 264.7 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. These results suggest that BF-CP activates the macrophages via MAPK and $NF-{\kappa}B$ pathways, and also induces an increase in the production of cytokines.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.22 no.8
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• pp.1202-1208
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• 2009

Synbiotics is the term used for a mixture of probiotics (live microbial feed additives that beneficially affects the host animal) and prebiotics (non-digestible food ingredients that beneficially affect the organism). This study investigated the effect of probiotics from anaerobic microflora with prebiotics on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, noxious gas emission and fecal microbial population in weaning pigs. 150 pigs with an initial BW of 6.80${\pm}$0.32 kg (20 d of age) were randomly assigned to 5 dietary treatments as follows: i) US, basal diet+0.15% antibiotics (0.05% oxytetracycline 200 and 0.10% tiamulin 38 g), ii) BS, basal diet+0.2% synbiotics (probiotics from bacteria), iii) YS, basal diet+0.2% synbiotics (probiotics from yeast), iv) MS, basal diet+0.2% synbiotics (probiotics from mold), v) CS, basal diet+0.2% synbiotics (from compounds of bacteria, yeast and mold). The probiotics were contained in $10^{9}$ cfu/ml, $10^{5}$ cfu/ml and $10^{3}$ tfu/ml of bacteria, yeast and molds, respectively. The same prebiotics (mannan oligosaccharide, lactose, sodium acetate and ammonium citrate) was used for all the synbiotics. Pigs were housed individually for a 16-day experimental period. Growth performance showed no significant difference between antibiotic treatments and synbiotics-added treatments. The BS treatment showed higher (p<0.05) dry matter (DM) and nitrogen digestibility while ether extract and crude fiber digestibility were not affected by the dietary treatment. Also, the BS treatment decreased (p<0.05) fecal ammonia and amine gas emissions. Hydrogen sulfide concentration was also decreased (p<0.05) in BS, YS and MS treatments compared to other treatments. Moreover, all the synbioticsadded treatments increased fecal acetic acid concentration while the CS treatment had lower propionic acid concentration than the US treatment (p<0.05) gas emissions but decreased in fecal propionate gas emissions. Total fecal bacteria and Escherichia coli populations did not differ significantly among the treatments, while the Shigella counts were decreased (p<0.05) in synbiotics-included treatment. Fecal bacteria population was higher in the YS treatment than other treatments (p<0.05). The BS treatment had higher yeast concentration than YS, MS and CS treatments, while US treatment had higher mold concentrations than MS treatment (p<0.05). Therefore, the results of the present study suggest that synbiotics are as effective as antibiotics on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and fecal microflora composition in weaning pigs. Additionally, synbiotics from anaerobic microflora can decrease fecal noxious gas emission and synbiotics can substitute for antibiotics in weaning pigs.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.230-235
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• 2020

Objective: This study was realized to evaluate the nutritional value of rice grains as a replacement for corn grains in the diet of growing Hanwoo steers. Methods: Two experimental diets were prepared: i) Corn total mixed ration (TMR) consisting of 20% corn grains and ii) Rice TMR consisting of 20% rice grains, in a dry matter (DM) basis. These treatments were used for in vitro rumen fermentation and in vivo growth trials. In the rumen fermentation experiment, the in vitro DM digestibility (IVDMD), in vitro crude protein digestibility (IVCPD), in vitro neutral detergent fiber digestibility, pH, ammonia nitrogen, and volatile fatty acids (VFA) were estimated at 48 h, and the gas production was measured at 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h. Twenty four growing Hanwoo steers (9 months old; body weight [BW]: 259±13 kg) were randomly divided into two treatment groups and the BW, dry matter intake (DMI), average daily gain (ADG), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were measured. Results: The in vitro experiment showed that the IVDMD, IVCPD, and VFA production of the Rice TMR were higher than those of the Corn TMR (p<0.05). The growth trial showed no differences (p>0.05) in the final BW, ADG, DMI, and FCR between the two TMRs. Conclusion: The use of rice grains instead of corn grains did not exhibit any negative effects on the rumen fermentation or growth performance, thereby rice grains with a DM of less than 20% could be used as a starch source in the diet of growing steers.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.79-87
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• 1982

Higenamine(dl-demethylcoclaurine, dl-1-(4-hydroxybenzyl)-6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrah-ydroisoquinoline hydrochloride), which has recently been isolated from Aconite root by Drs. Kosuge and Yokota, has known to be the main cardiotonic component of the Aconite root. The present study was undertaken to investigate the effects of Higenamine on the calcium binding and release and ATPase activity of fragmented cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum under in vitro condition. The calcium binding and release of sarcoplasmic reticulum were measured by using the double-beam spectrophotometer and the calcium sensitive dye, murexide. In the presence of $10^{-4}{\sim}5{\times}10^{-3}M$ of Higenamine, the maximal calcium binding and the initial binding rate of porcine cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum were inhibited dose dependently by up to 43%. However, the calcium release from cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum, which was loaded with $Ca^{++}(50{\mu}M)$, was stimulated in dose dependent manner. When incubated in the medium of 20 mM Tris-maleate(pH 7.0), 100 mM KCl, 10 mM $MgCl_2,\;0.05mM\;CaCl_2\;and\;0.014{\sim}1\;mM\;Tris-ATP\;at\;30^{\circ}C$ in the presence of Higenamine $(10^{-4}{\sim}5{\times}10^{-3}M)$, both $Ca^{++}-and\;Mg^{++}-ATPase$ of sarcoplasmic reticulum were inhibited non-competitively by Higenamine and values of $K_i$ were 4.896 mM and 6.875 mM respectively. It is suggested from the above findings that the cardiotonic effects of Higenamine might be partially explained by the inhibition of calcium binding and the stimulation of calcium release from the sarcoplasimic reticulum which may increase the free intracellular calcium that is available in the contraction of the cardiac muscle fiber.